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    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                       DIVISION  II

AMY CATHERINE SCHORNO,                                           No.  39752-8-II

                             Petitioner,                       Consolidated with:

       v.                                                        No. 39952-1-II

KEVIN KANNADA, a single man; and JEFF                   ORDER AMENDING OPINION
KANNADA and KATHY KANNADA,                          AND DENYING RECONSIDERATION
husband and wife,

                             Respondents.

       Petitioner, Amy Catherine Schorno, filed a motion for reconsideration of remedy and 

motion to dismiss in the above matter.  After further review and consideration, it is hereby:

       ORDERED that the opinion is amended as follows:  On page 8, first full paragraph, line 5 

(designated in the motion for reconsideration as paragraph 21), the word "counterclaim" is 

deleted and the word "claim" is inserted in its place.  It is further

       ORDERED that in all other respects the motion for reconsideration of remedy and the 

motion to dismiss are denied.

       DATED this ______ day of _____________________________, 2012.

                                                           Johanson, A.C.J.
We concur:

       Quinn-Brintnall, J. 

No. 39752-8-II/
No. 39952-1-II

       Van Deren, J.

    IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

                                       DIVISION  II

AMY CATHERINE SCHORNO,                                           No.  39752-8-II

                             Petitioner,                       Consolidated with:

       v.                                                        No. 39952-1-II

KEVIN KANNADA, a single man; and JEFF 
KANNADA and KATHY KANNADA, 
husband and wife,
                                                            PUBLISHED OPINION
                             Respondents.

       Johanson, J.  --  Amy Schorno, an adult, sued Kevin Kannada, a minor, for the torts of 

outrage, negligent infliction of emotional distress, defamation, assault, and battery.  Schorno 

alleged that during a four-and-a-half-year period, Kannada sexually and physically assaulted her. 

Kannada counterclaimed for childhood sexual abuse and moved for partial summary judgment on 

liability.  The trial court granted partial summary judgment, finding Schorno strictly liable on 

Kannada's childhood sexual abuse claim.  We granted Schorno's petition for discretionary review.  

We hold that Kannada has not alleged a valid tort cause of action.  We further hold that genuine 

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issues of material fact are in dispute and the parties' heavily-intertwined and mutually-exclusive 

counterclaims precluded partial summary judgment. We reverse and remand. 

                                            FACTS1

       In 2006, Schorno sued Kannada and his parents, alleging that Kannada assaulted her 

physically, sexually, and psychologically  during  a sexual relationship that lasted from when 

Kannada was 14 years old to when he was 18 years old.  Schorno sought damages for outrage, 

negligent infliction of emotional distress, defamation, assault, and battery.  Kannada 

counterclaimed for child sexual abuse for the sexual contact and sexual intercourse that occurred 

before he was 16.

       Schorno testified at her deposition that Kannada's first intimate contact with her was when 

he, at age 14, kissed her in her garage in December 2000.  She testified that she did not kiss him 

back.  Schorno testified that she pushed Kannada back and told him to stop it and that Kannada 

said he was sorry.  Schorno then threatened to tell her husband, but Kannada responded that if she 

did, Kannada would tell Schorno's husband that she had initiated the kiss.  Kannada told Schorno 

that people would believe his accusation because he was a "kid."     Clerk's Papers (CP) at 85.  

Kannada also threatened that if he made this accusation, Schorno would not be allowed to see her 

children anymore.  Schorno testified that from this time, she was very afraid of Kannada and felt 

trapped by his threat to tell her husband and the disruption it might cause to her children's lives.  

1 On review of summary judgment, we view the relevant facts in the light most favorable to 
Schorno, the nonmoving party.  See Jones v. State, 170 Wn.2d 338, 342 n.1, 242 P.3d 825 
(2010).

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       In the second of her two declarations,2 Schorno said she was afraid of Kannada from the 

first time he kissed her.  She stated that Kannada was taller, heavier, and stronger than she was.  

She added that "[a]lmost immediately after the first unwanted kiss," Kannada would follow her 

into her house and fondle or kiss her.  CP at 140.  She stated that if she tried to leave, he would 

block the door and prevent her from escaping.

       Schorno testified that Kannada's first sexual contact with her also occurred in December

2000.  She testified that she was driving Kannada home when he exposed himself and told 

Schorno to touch him. Schorno refused, but Kannada told her she would do it anyway and placed 

her hand on his genitals.  Schorno testified that she then masturbated Kannada while driving.  She 

further testified that she masturbated Kannada at her home two or three more times in December.

       Schorno testified that they first had sexual intercourse in January 2001 and that this sexual 

intercourse was without her consent.  She also testified that Kannada started threatening her with 

violence and using violence against her in "early 2001," shortly after  he first had sexual 

intercourse with her.   CP at 96-97.   He hit her, choked her, and threatened to kill her, her 

husband, and her family dog.  He knocked her to the ground, bruised her body, and broke her 

nose.

2 A party may not create a genuine issue of fact with a self-serving declaration that contradicts 
unambiguous deposition testimony without explanation.  Klontz v. Puget Sound Power & Light 
Co., 90 Wn. App. 186, 192, 951 P.2d 280 (1998) (quoting Marshall v. AC&S, Inc., 56 Wn. App. 
181, 185, 782 P.2d 1107 (1989)).  However, Schorno's declarations do not contradict her 
deposition testimony but, rather, add facts that were not brought out at her deposition.  
Moreover, she explains that she did not mention these facts at deposition because she was not 
asked about them, and her attorneys instructed her not to volunteer additional information.  

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       Kannada's theory of the case was that Schorno "groom[ed]" him for sexual abuse.  CP at 

41.  According to Kannada's complaint, 

       Grooming has the effect of depriving a child victim of sexual abuse from 
       understanding or realizing that the conduct of the adult in performing sexual 
       contact or sexual intercourse is wrong.  Grooming has the effect of conditioning 
       and desensitizing the childhood victim of sexual abuse, rendering them incapable 
       and/or unable to form the mental thought process to form or give consent to the 
       sexual contact and/or sexual intercourse with the adult.  

CP at 41. Kannada further alleged that because of Schorno's "grooming," he lacked the capacity 

to consent to sexual contact or sexual intercourse even after he turned 16.  CP at 40-41.  

       Kannada moved for partial summary judgment against Schorno on his claim for child 

sexual abuse, arguing that she was liable as a matter of law for any sexual contact that occurred 

before he began using force and threats of force against her.  The trial court granted summary 

judgment on this issue without setting forth findings or conclusions.

       Schorno petitioned for discretionary review on a number of issues, and a commissioner of 

this court denied discretionary review.  We  granted Schorno's motion to modify the 

commissioner's ruling on the sole issue of whether Schorno is liable for child sexual abuse against 

Kannada as a matter of law.

                                          ANALYSIS

                                     I.  Standard of Review

       We review a grant of summary judgment de novo.  Briggs v. Nova Servs., 166 Wn.2d 

794, 801, 213 P.3d 910 (2009).  Summary judgment is appropriate where, viewing all facts and 

resulting inferences most favorably to the nonmoving party, the court finds no genuine issue of 

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material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.  CR 56(c); Briggs, 

166 Wn.2d at 801.  "A genuine issue of material fact exists where reasonable minds could differ 

on the facts controlling the outcome of the litigation."  Ranger Ins. Co. v. Pierce County, 164 

Wn.2d 545, 552, 192 P.3d 886 (2008).

                       II.   Cause of Action for Childhood Sexual Abuse

       The parties assume, without analysis, that there exists in Washington a separate civil cause 

of action for childhood sexual abuse.  Kannada argued that (1) a violation of the criminal laws 

against child molestation and child rape gives rise to strict liability in tort and (2) the only defense 

to the civil tort is the criminal defense of duress that Schorno failed to establish as a matter of law.

We disagree with Kannada.

       First,  RCW 4.16.340(1) establishes  the statute of limitations  for all claims based on 

intentional "childhood sexual abuse."  The statute defines "childhood sexual abuse" as conduct 

against a complainant who was less than 18 years old that violates chapter 9A.44 RCW (defining 

sex offenses) or RCW 9.68A.040 (sexual exploitation of a minor), "or prior laws of similar effect 

at the time the act was committed." RCW 4.16.340(5).  

       This statute applies to all tort claims where the gravamen of the action is childhood sexual 

abuse.  C.J.C. v. Corp. of the Catholic Bishop of Yakima, 138 Wn.2d 699, 709, 985 P.2d 262 

(1999) (quoting DeYoung v. Providence Med. Ctr., 136 Wn.2d 136, 147, 960 P.2d 919 (1998)).  

Thus, RCW 4.16.340(1) provides the statute of limitations for claims such as medical malpractice 

or negligence predicated on intentional childhood sexual abuse.  C.J.C., 138 Wn.2d at 709..

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       By its plain terms, RCW 4.16.340 provides only the statute of limitations for claims based 

on intentional childhood sexual abuse.  Nowhere does the statute provide for a separate cause of 

action based on such conduct.  As the court tacitly recognized in C.J.C., a party must still assert a 

tort cause of action, such as medical malpractice, negligence, or battery, to proceed under RCW 

4.16.340.  See C.J.C., 138 Wn.2d at 709-10.

       The statute of limitations is not at issue here.  Rather, the question is whether Kannada 

was entitled to judgment as a matter of law based on Schorno's admission that she had sexual 

contact and sexual intercourse with Kannada before he was 16 years old.       Kannada cites no 

authority for the proposition that a party may establish tort liability simply by showing a violation 

of a criminal statute identified in a statute of limitations, such as RCW 4.16.340. Instead Kannada 

must prove every element of a valid tort claim.

       Because Kannada did not assert or prove the elements of a valid tort cause of action, he 

was not entitled to partial summary judgment on the liability issue. We accordingly reverse the 

trial court's grant of partial summary judgment in Kannada's favor and remand for further 

proceedings.  

       Moreover, even if we treated Kannada's claim as a valid tort claim, such as battery, we 

would reverse based on genuine issues of material fact presented by the parties' intertwined 

counterclaims, as noted below.3

3 Although duress is a defense to the criminal statutes Schorno allegedly violated, duress may not 
be the only defense to Kannada's tort claim.  Because the facts of this case are as yet unsettled, 
we decline to reach the parties' arguments as to the applicable defenses to child rape and child 
molestation in a civil action.  To make such a determination would require us to resolve a thorny 
question of law based on facts that are as yet largely hypothetical.  It would be inadvisable for us 

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                                  III.  Genuine Issues of Material Fact

       The parties, through their counterclaims against each other, assert mutually exclusive 

versions of events.  Schorno alleges that Kannada forced her into sexual activity from the 

beginning, while Kannada alleges that Schorno "groom[ed]" him and thus committed childhood 

sexual abuse.  CP at 41. Because these counterclaims are heavily intertwined and many genuine 

issues of material fact remain, we hold that partial summary judgment on Kannada's claim of 

childhood sexual abuse was inappropriate.

       Although Washington has not       directly addressed the   appropriateness of summary 

judgment when there are intertwined counterclaims, several jurisdictions have held that when a 

counterclaim raises issues that are inextricably interwoven or intertwined with those raised in the 

complaint, partial summary judgment is not appropriate.  See, e.g., Lombari v. Scott Brass, Inc., 

627 A.2d 330, 331 (R.I. 1993) (partial summary judgment should have been denied where 

unresolved counterclaims were inextricably intertwined with claims resolved on partial summary 

judgment); GTE Automatic Elec. Inc. v. Martin's Inc., 512 N.Y.S.2d 107, 108-09 (N.Y. App. 

Div. 1987) (where claim and counterclaim are directly related so as to be inextricably interwoven 

and inseparable, partial summary judgment is unavailable); Netterville v. Osborn, 139 So.2d 921, 

923  (Fla.  Dist. Ct. App. 1962) (summary judgment that party was liable on note was 

inappropriate where unresolved fraudulent inducement counterclaim remained).  

to determine whether an adult victim of forcible rape by a minor under 16 can at the same time be 
civilly liable for child rape or child molestation where, as here, no fact finder has determined 
whether any forcible rape actually occurred.  

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       Division One of our court applied a similar rule when reviewing a directed verdict in 

Amtruck Factors v. Int'l Forest Prods., 59 Wn. App. 8, 19, 22, 795 P.2d 742 (1990), review 

                                               9 

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denied, 116 Wn.2d 1003 (1991).  There, the plaintiff sought payment on a set of invoices, while 

the defendant counterclaimed that the agreements underlying the invoices were void for being

procured through fraud.  Amtruck Factors, 59 Wn. App. at 13.  The trial court dismissed the 

counterclaims, finding that the defendant had not shown that the alleged fraud damaged  it.  

Amtruck Factors, 59 Wn. App. at 13.  Division One held that the trial court should not have 

dismissed the counterclaims because they were "inextricably intertwined" with the plaintiff's 

claims for payment under the agreements.  Amtruck Factors, 59 Wn. App. at 22.  Division One 

held that until the jury resolved whether the plaintiff participated in the alleged fraud, it was not 

possible to determine the validity of the underlying agreements.  Amtruck Factors, 59 Wn. App. at 

22.

       So too here, the claims Kannada and Schorno allege are inextricably intertwined.  Both 

parties' theories of the case cannot be true.   If Schorno committed intentional sexual abuse 

against Kannada, she cannot as a practical matter recover for Kannada's alleged physical and 

psychological abuse against her.  Thus, granting partial summary judgment in favor of Kannada's 

childhood sexual abuse claim all but eliminates Schorno's intertwined counterclaim that Kannada 

was the sole perpetrator of sexual misconduct.

       As such, although the trial court purported to enter only partial summary judgment on 

Kannada's claim, it effectively resolved both Kannada's claims and Shorno's claims in Kannada's 

favor.  This was inappropriate because numerous issues of material fact remain as to what 

occurred between the parties and who was responsible.          Because the parties' claims   are 

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inseparable and mutually exclusive, and genuine issues of material fact exist, the entire set of facts 

should be presented to a jury without an instruction from the trial court that one party is liable as 

a matter of law.

       Accordingly, even if we were to assume that Kannada has stated a valid tort cause of 

action, we would reverse the trial court's order granting partial summary judgment to Kannada 

and remand for further proceedings.

                                      ATTORNEY FEES

       Kannada moves for attorney fees and costs under both RAP 18.9 and CR 11.  He bases his 

request on Schorno's filing for discretionary review, as well as our decision to accept her over-

length briefing on discretionary review and our decision to grant Schorno's motion to modify the 

commissioner's ruling without accepting briefing from Kannada.

       CR 11, a superior court rule, does not explicitly authorize us to award sanctions.  See 

Kinney v. Cook, 150 Wn. App. 187, 195, 208 P.3d 1 (2009).  RAP 18.9 authorizes us to award 

sanctions against a party who uses the Rules of Appellate Procedure for the purposes of delay, 

files a frivolous appeal, or fails to comply with the Rules of Appellate Procedure.  But Kannada 

fails to set forth any legal authority entitling him to attorney fees aside from his bare citation to 

RAP 18.9.  

       Moreover, Kannada's request for sanctions rests in large part on our decisions in this case.

Kannada argues, without citations to authority, that these decisions were erroneous under the 

Rules of Appellate Procedure.  There is no reasonable argument that Schorno may be sanctioned 

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under RAP 18.9 for our decisions.  We deny Kannada's motion for attorney fees and costs.

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       We reverse and remand.

                                                                   Johanson, J.
We concur:

             Quinn-Brintnall, P.J.

                  Van Deren, J.

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