6 Wn.2d 620, A. J. REINHART et al., Respondents, v. CENTENNIAL FLOURING MILLS COMPANY, Defendant, JOHNNIE HUGHES, Appellant

[No. 28039. Department One.      Supreme Court      December 19, 1940.]

A. J. REINHART et al., Respondents, v. CENTENNIAL
                FLOURING MILLS COMPANY, Defendant, JOHNNIE
                              HUGHES, Appellant.1

[1] CROPS - OWNERSHIP - TENANTS IN COMMON. Crops grown on land held by parties as tenants in common are the common property of such parties.

[2] TENANCY IN COMMON - RIGHTS OF COTENANTS AS TO THIRD PERSONS - SALES AND CONVEYANCES - AUTHORIZATION - NECESSITY. As a general rule, a tenant in common cannot dispose of his cotenant's interest in the common property without previous authorization or subsequent ratification by the latter.

[3] SAME - SALES AND CONVEYANCES - ESTOPPEL - FRAUD. While one tenant in common may not, by disposing of the common property, estop his cotenant from claiming his rights in it, the latter, by his own acts and conduct, may estop himself from insisting upon his rights, particularly where he has assisted his cotenant in perpetrating a fraud upon a third party; and a tenant in common of a wheat crop is estopped

1 Reported in 108 P. (2d) 377.

[2] See 14 Am. Jur. 149.

REINHART v. CENTENNIAL FLOURING MILLS CO.         621 
 Dec. 1940]         Opinion Per BLAKE, C. J.

from asserting his claim of ownership in it, where, with his full knowledge, his cotenant, in return for the release of judgments against such cotenant, transferred to the judgment creditor all of his right, title, and interest in the wheat crop, and the tenant in common deliberately refrained from asserting his claim to it until the settlement agreement had been consummated and the releases of judgments filed.

Appeal from a judgment of the superior court for Lincoln county, Nevins, J., entered January 30, 1940, upon findings in favor of the plaintiffs, in an action in replevin, tried to the court. Affirmed.

T. B. Southard and John L. Dirks, for appellant.

Dyar & Aten and Floyd Underwood, for respondents.

Witherspoon, Witherspoon & Kelley, for defendant Centennial Flouring Mills Company.

BLAKE, C. J. -

Plaintiffs, Reinhart and Engelsen, brought this action in replevin against Centennial Flouring Mills Company for 1158 bushels, 13 lbs., of wheat delivered to the latter's warehouse in Almira by Emrys Hughes in August, 1936. Johnnie Hughes, brought in as an additional defendant, filed a crosscomplaint by which he claimed ownership of one-half the wheat. Upon the issues so made up, the trial court made findings that Johnnie Hughes had no right, title, or interest in the wheat, and that plaintiffs were the owners of it by virtue of an assignment made to them by Emrys Hughes on September 30, 1936, subject to the rights of the Centennial Flouring Mills Company for its services as warehouseman. From judgment accordingly entered, Johnnie Hughes appeals.

Emrys and Johnnie were brothers, who for several years had been engaged in farming operations in the vicinity of Almira. Some of their operations had been carried on individually - some jointly. The wheat in question was grown on land which they held as

 622    REINHART v. CENTENNIAL FLOURING MILLS CO.
                Opinion Per BLAKE, C. J.      [6 Wn. (2d)

tenants in common under a lease for six years from North Pacific Bank. The lease, however, was not filed for record. The demised term began January 1, 1932.

The 1932 and 1933 crops were split three ways - one third to the landlord for rent and a third each to Emrys and Johnnie. The 1934 crop was so small that nearly all of it was kept and used for seeding the place in 1935. Emrys sold what was not used for seeding and kept the proceeds. The 1935 crop was harvested and hauled by Emrys to the Centennial warehouse. The Centennial bought the crop and made settlement with Emrys, Johnnie at no time making any claim to that crop or the proceeds from its sale. Again, in 1936, Emrys harvested the crop, consisting of 1158 bushels, 13 lbs., and had it hauled to the Centennial warehouse. A warehouse receipt was made out in his name, but was not delivered.

Shortly after the 1936 crop was delivered at the warehouse, respondents sued out a writ of garnishment upon judgments of the superior court of Grant county which they held against Emrys. No return was ever made to the writ, because, shortly after it was served, Emrys and respondents entered into negotiations for settlement of their differences. A settlement was consummated about noon on September 30th.

In the meantime, Johnnie had led the agent of the Centennial to believe that he was going to make some claim of interest in the wheat. The agent advised respondents of Johnnie's attitude, but Johnnie himself did not communicate with them. That he knew, however, of the writ of garnishment and of the negotiations for settlement going on between Emrys and the respondents, there can be no doubt.

Under the terms of the settlement, Emrys transferred to respondents "all the vendor's [his] right,

REINHART v. CENTENNIAL FLOURING MILLS CO.     623 
 Dec. 1940]         Opinion Per BLAKE, C. J.

title and interest in any and all grain now stored with or in the possession of the Centennial Flouring Mills Co.," in consideration of the release of the judgments held by respondents, which were in the approximate amount of twelve hundred dollars. Releases of the judgments were executed by respondents and delivered to Emrys when they received the bill of sale.

As we have said, the transaction was completed about noon of September 30th. Shortly after noon, the bill of sale was brought to the attention of the agent of the Centennial at the warehouse. Then Johnnie came to town in response to a telephone call from Emrys. Three hours later, he served written notice on the agent of the Centennial that he was the owner of one-half of the 1158 bushels of wheat. He explained the delay in serving the notice because of the time consumed in preparing it. (The notice consisted of less than two hundred words and was prepared by the same attorney who prepared the assignment and releases for Emrys and respondents.) In the meantime, Emrys had disappeared. When respondents learned of the notice served by Johnnie on the Centennial, one of them immediately called the clerk of the superior court at Ephrata to forestall the filing of the releases of their judgments. But they were too late. Emrys had come and gone.

[1, 2] We understand appellant's position to be that, since the crop was grown on land held by him and Emrys as tenants in common, it was their common property; that, being such, Emrys could not dispose of appellant's interest in it without his authorization. We think the position to the extent stated is sound. The crop was common property. Washburn-Wilson Seed Co. v. Alexie, 54 Idaho 727, 35 P. (2d) 990. Also, as a general proposition, a tenant in common cannot dispose of his cotenant's interest in the common

 624    REINHART v. CENTENNIAL FLOURING MILLS CO.
                Opinion Per BLAKE, C. J.      [6 Wn. (2d)

property without previous authorization or subsequent ratification by the latter. 62 C. J. 533; Rowe v. James, 71 Wash. 267, 128 Pac. 539; Tungsten Products, Inc. v. Kimmel, 5 Wn. (2d) 572, 105 P. (2d) 822.

[3] While one tenant in common may not, by disposing of the common property, estop his cotenant from claiming his rights in it, the latter, by his own acts and conduct, may estop himself from insisting upon his rights. And this rule is particularly applicable where he has, by his acts and conduct, assisted his cotenant in perpetrating a fraud upon a third party. 62 C. J. 560; Rya5on v. Dunten, 164 Ind. 85, 73 N. E. 74; Dwight v. Giebisch, 77 Ore. 254, 150 Pac. 749.

We have no hesitancy in invoking this doctrine of estoppel against appellant here. We think the unadorned facts, which we have narrated, demonstrate that he conspired with Emrys to defraud respondents. That respondents thought they were getting all of the 1158 bushels of wheat in consideration of releasing their judgments against Emrys, cannot be doubted. Nor can it be doubted that Emrys, with Johnnie's acquiescence and assistance, fostered that belief until the settlement was consummated. We use the term assistance advisedly. We think the only inference that can be drawn from the fact that Johnnie did not give notice of his claim of ownership to the Centennial for more than three hours after Emrys obtained the releases of the judgments was to give the latter time to get to Ephrata and file them before respondents could take any action toward repudiating them.

Judgment affirmed.

MILLARD, MAIN, STEINERT, and ROBINSON, JJ., concur.