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(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please note that, in the interests of brevity, portions of any opinion may not have been summarized).

     Argued March 28, 1994 -- Decided June 13, 1994

    GARIBALDI, J., writing for a unanimous Court.

    The Court addresses whether the ten-year statute of repose, N.J.S.A. 2A:14-1.1, prohibits a homeowner from instituting a lawsuit for defects ten years after the initial construction of a house, but within ten years of the builder-developer's substantial repairs to the house.

    On June 14, 1977, Carl and Mary Horosz purchased a home from Alps Estates, Inc. (Alps), a builder-developer. In 1981 the Horoszes noticed that cold air was coming into the house from the washroom in the right rear of the home. The Horoszes contacted Jacob Kurzer, a representative of Alps. Alps began repair work on the house in October 1982. Thomas E. Tully, a soil engineer, performed test borings of the soil underneath the right rear of the house and found that that area of the house had been constructed on fill, thereby causing the house to sink. To prevent any further sinking, Alps inserted concrete and steel in the ground under the right rear of the house and replaced the foundation. The Horoszes claim that they asked Alps to underpin the entire house but that Alps assured them that shoring up the fill under part of the house was sufficient to prevent continued sinking. Alps completed all repair work by April 25, 1983.

    In January 1989, the Horoszes again felt cold air blowing through the house and contacted Jacob Kurzer. He examined the home on May 3, 1989. According to the Horoszes, Kurzer promised to have the house inspected and to provide a report but never did anything further to help the Horoszes.

    The Horoszes' home continued to deteriorate. They hired a company to jack-up the house and to excavate to determine the source of the problem. That excavation revealed that the sinkage was caused by fill under the foundation. The excavators discovered fill a few feet away from the spot at which Alps had stopped its work in April 1983.

    The Horoszes filed suit on September 28, 1989, alleging that Alps had negligently repaired the house in 1983, had knowingly concealed a material fact, had violated the Consumer Fraud Act, and had breached express and implied warranties. Alps' answer included a defense based on N.J.S.A. 2A:14-1.1, the ten-year statute of repose.

    At a hearing prior to trial, the trial court ruled that the statute of repose applied and that the ten years had begun to run when title passed from Alps to the Horoszes in 1977. Therefore, the court dismissed the Horoszes' complaint because it was filed more than ten years after title had passed.

    On appeal, the Appellate Division reversed and remanded the matter for trial. The Appellate Division agreed with the trial court that the statute of repose applied, but concluded that because the defect had arisen from the 1983 repair work and not from original construction, the statute began to run at the time the repair work was completed in April 1983.

    The Supreme Court granted certification.

HELD:    When a builder-developer performs repairs that constitute an improvement to real property after the initial construction has been completed, the owner has ten years from completion of the repair work to file an action against the builder-developer for defects relating solely to that repair

work. With respect to defects unrelated to repairs, however, the ten-year statute of repose runs from the date of the completion of the initial construction of the home. The Horoszes' complaint alleges that Alps negligently performed the 1983 underpinning; therefore, their claim is not barred by the ten-year statute of repose.

1.    The ten-year statute of repose applies here. Both the original design and construction of the home and the subsequent repairs in 1983 constitute improvements to real property within the meaning of the statute. The underpinning performed in 1983 was essential to the continued habitability of the house. Such repairs are within the scope of the statutory phrase "improvement to real property."
(pp. 4-8)

2.    The ten-year statute of repose began to run on completion of the original construction of the house in 1977. To the extent that the Horoszes' cause of action alleges any deficiency in the initial design and construction of the house, the statute of repose would bar such claims because litigation was instituted more than ten years after the completion of construction. However, fairly read, the Horoszes' complaint alleges that Alps negligently performed the underpinning in 1983. Because the 1983 repairs independently implicate the statute, and because the Horoszes allege that Alps negligently performed those repairs, the statute of repose in respect of those repairs began to run on April 23, 1983. Therefore, the Horoszes can maintain a cause of action for negligent repairs. (pp. 8-11)

    Judgment of the Appellate Division is AFFIRMED.

     JUSTICES CLIFFORD, HANDLER, POLLOCK and O'HERN join in JUSTICE GARIBALDI's opinion. CHIEF JUSTICE WILENTZ and JUSTICE STEIN did not participate.                             SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY
                             A- 130 September Term l993

CARL HOROSZ and MARY HOROSZ,
his wife,

    Plaintiffs-Respondents,

v.

ALPS ESTATES, INC., a New Jersey
Corporation, JACOB KURZER and DAVID
ROSEN, jointly, severally or in
the alternative, individually,

    Defendants-Appellants.

_____________________________

        Argued March 28, l994 -- Decided June 13, 1994

        On certification to the Superior Court, Appellate Division, whose opinion is reported at 266 N.J. Super. 382 (l993).

        Thomas R. Raimondi argued the cause for appellants (Diamond, Afflitto and Raimondi, attorneys).

        Edward J. Bowen argued the cause for respondents.

        Dennis A. Estis argued the cause for amicus curiae, New Jersey Builders Association (Greenbaum, Rowe, Smith, Ravin & Davis, attorneys; Mr. Estis and Ellen A. Silver, on the brief).

    The opinion of the Court was delivered by
GARIBALDI, J.
    This appeal concerns the narrow question whether N.J.S.A. 2A:14-1.1 prohibits a homeowner from recovering against a builder-developer for that builder's subsequent repair work.

Specifically, we address whether the ten-year statute of repose bars a lawsuit brought ten years after the initial construction of the house, but within ten years of the builder-developer's substantial repairs to the house.

all related work by April 25, l983, and did not charge the Horoszes for the work.
    The Horoszes and Alps did not communicate further until January l989 when the Horoszes once again felt cold air blowing through the house. Mrs. Horosz discovered that the wind was coming from a bedroom window that would not close because one side of the window frame tilted below the other. Mrs. Horosz also noticed that the garage doors were not properly aligned and that the floors in two of the bedrooms slanted downward from right to left.
    The Horoszes again communicated with Jacob Kurzer, the Alps representative, and he examined the premises on May 3, l989. According to the Horoszes, Kurzer promised to have the house inspected and to provide a report within two weeks. Alps, however, did nothing further.
    The house continued to deteriorate. The Horoszes hired a company to jack-up the house and to excavate to determine the source of the problem. The excavation revealed that the source of the sinkage was fill under the foundation. The excavators discovered the fill a few feet away from the spot at which Alps had stopped its work in April l983.
    The Horoszes initiated this lawsuit on September 28, l989, alleging that Alps had negligently repaired the house in l983, knowingly concealed a material fact, violated the Consumer Fraud Act, and had breached express and implied warranties. Alps'

answer included a defense based on N.J.S.A. 2A:l4-l.l, the ten-year statute of repose.
    Prior to trial, the trial court, after a hearing on the applicability of N.J.S.A. 2A:l4-l.l, ruled that the statute applied and that the ten years had begun to run when title passed from Alps to the Horozes in l977. The trial court therefore dismissed the complaint.
    On the Horoszes' appeal, the Appellate Division reversed and remanded the case for trial. 266 N.J. Super. 382 (l993). The Appellate Division agreed with the trial court that the statute of repose applied. However, it concluded that because the defect had arisen from the 1983 repair work and not from the original construction completed in 1977, the statute had started to run in April l983 at the conclusion of Alps's repairs. Id. at 385. We granted defendants' petition for certification, ___ N.J. ___ (l993), and now affirm.

    Both the original design and construction of the home and the subsequent repair in l983 constituted "improvements to real property" within the meaning of N.J.S.A. 2A:14-1.1. Neither of the parties disputes that. Accordingly, neither party disputes that any liability related to the sinking of the house that arose from the original design and construction of the house is within the ambit of the ten-year statute of repose.
    Similarly, the l983 repair work amounted to an independent "improvement to real property" within the meaning of N.J.S.A. 2A:l4-l.l. The l983 repairs were substantial in nature. The house was lifted off its original foundation and a steel framework was constructed beneath part of the house to prevent continued sinkage. That "underpinning" was essential to the continued habitability of the house. Those significant repairs fit precisely within the scope of the phrase "improvement to real property."
    Even less-significant alterations and additions are considered "improvements to real property." In Brown v. Jersey Central Power & Light Co., l63 N.J. Super. l79 (l978), certif. denied, 79 N.J. 489 (l979), the Appellate Division found that the installation of a free-standing electrical transfer switch was an "improvement to real property." The Appellate Division reached its conclusion by reasoning that the electrical transfer switch "constituted a permanent part of one of the mechanical systems necessary to the normal function of this particular improvement

to the real estate." Id. at l96; see Rosenberg, supra, 6l N.J. at l98 (stating that repaving road constitutes improvement to real property); Wayne Township Bd. of Educ. v. Strand Century, Inc., l 72 N.J. Super. 296, 300 (App. Div. l980) (holding that installation of dimmer panel in new auditorium was improvement to real property because it was required for structure to function as intended); Hall v. Luby Corp., 232 N.J. Super. 337, 339 (Law Div. 1989) (holding that installation of elevator was improvement to real property because removal of elevator would materially damage property); see also Stix v. Greenway Dev. Co., l 85 N.J. Super. 86, 89 (App. Div. 1982) (applying N.J.S.A. 2A:l4-l.l to defendant's alleged negligent workmanship, which caused collapse of basement foundation wall and consequent undermining of entire building). Such an integral addition or alteration must be contrasted with "equipment[] or chattels brought into a structure after it is architecturally and mechanically suitable for occupancy for the purpose intended." Brown, supra, 163 N.J. Super. at 197.
    Only construction and designs of improvements to real property "that result in unsafe and defective conditions implicate the statute." Newark Beth Israel Hosp., supra, l24 N.J. at 364. In Newark Beth Israel Hosp., we concluded that the design of the hospital in question implicated the statute because the owner had to incur substantial costs in redesigning the building, because absent the alterations the hospital could not

be used for its intended purpose, and because the alterations went beyond "expensive and inconvenient changes based on efficiency to measures necessary and proper to ensure safety." Id. at 365.
    Similar to the original design and construction of the Horoszes' home, the April l983 alterations resulted in an unsafe and defective condition, thereby implicating the statute. The "underpinning" was integral to the house as a structure. Without it, the house could not function as intended, that is, the Horoszes could not live in it. Moreover, the underpinning went beyond "expensive and inconvenient changes based on efficiency to measures necessary and proper to ensure safety." Ibid. Unlike the surveyor's error in E.A. Williams, supra, 82 N.J. at l72, the l983 defective underpinning caused both the house's functional impairment, with consequential economic losses, and a hazardous condition. Thus, we conclude that the l983 underpinning also constituted an "improvement to real property" within the meaning of N.J.S.A. 2A:l4-l.l.
    

the original design, planning, supervision, or construction of the house, the statute began to run on the "final date the person claiming repose and immunity from suit furnishe[d] any and all services or construction [that] it ha[d] undertaken at the job site." Welch v. Engineers, Inc., 202 N.J. Super. 387, 397 (App. Div. l985).
    Accordingly, N.J.S.A. 2A:l4-l.l began to run on completion of the original construction of the house in l977. To the extent the Horoszes' cause of action alleged any deficiency in the initial design and construction of the house, the statute of repose would bar it because their claim was filed on September 28, l989, more than ten years after the completion of construction. For example, had the Horoszes alleged that their roof had been defectively designed or constructed, that claim would be barred despite Alps' repairs to the house in l983. See Richards v. Union Bldg. & Constr. Corp., l30 N.J. Super. l27, l30 (App. Div. l974) (holding that contractor that performed work on portion of highway more than ten years before occurrence of accident thereon was not liable for injury resulting from its negligence simply because sometime within ten years of accident it had performed work on different portion of same highway).
     Alps asserts that the defect at issue -- namely, the fill underlying the foundation -- was a defect exclusively related to its original construction of the house and totally unrelated to its subsequent repairs. We disagree. Fairly read, Horoszes'

complaint alleges that Alps negligently performed the underpinning in l983. According to the Horoszes, Alps should have underpinned the entire foundation in l983. The sinkage that the Horoszes discovered in l983 was only a few feet from the sinkage that they had discovered in 1989.    Because the l983 repairs independently implicate N.J.S.A. 2A:l4-l.l, and in view of the Horoszes' allegation that Alps negligently performed those repairs, the statute of repose with respect to those repairs began to run on April 23, l983, the date that Alps completed all work related to the underpinning. Thus, the ten-year period had not run by the time the Horoszes initiated this lawsuit.
    We find without merit Alps's assertion that permitting this lawsuit to go forward would unfairly transform its voluntary repair work in l983 into a tolling of N.J.S.A. 2A:l4-l.l. This holding does not toll the statute of repose. Any deficiency regarding the initial design or construction of the house may not now form the basis of a lawsuit. Yet, any deficiency related to a subsequent improvement of the property may form the basis of a lawsuit, provided that the property owner commences such an action within ten years of the completion of that improvement.
    Because the Horoszes filed their complaint within the requisite time, their suit must be permitted to go forward. As is any other builder, Alps is liable for a defect that appears within ten years of the completion of its improvement to real property. As the Appellate Division noted, had someone other

than Alps, the original contractor-developer, performed the l983 underpinning, the statute would clearly have run from the date of such repair. 266 N.J. Super. at 386. "The mere fact that the builder performed the l983 repairs, rather than a new contractor, makes no difference in the legal principles applicable here." Ibid.

    Justices Clifford, Handler, Pollock, and O'Hern join in this opinion. Chief Justice Wilentz and Justice Stein did not participate.