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STATE OF MINNESOTA
IN COURT OF APPEALS
C4-00-670
In Re the Marriage of: Jean K. Haefele,
petitioner,
Respondent,
vs.
Richard J. Haefele,
Appellant.
Filed January 2, 2001
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
Anderson, Judge
Hennepin County District Court
File No. 231667
A. Larry Katz, Elizabeth Boleyn Bowling, Katz & Manka, Ltd., 4150 U.S. Bank Place, 601
Second Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55402 (for respondent)
Kay Nord Hunt, Lommen, Nelson, Cole & Stageberg, P.A., 1800 IDS Center, 80 South Eighth
Street, Minneapolis, MN 55402 (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Klaphake, Presiding Judge, Harten, Judge, and Anderson, Judge.
S Y L L A B U S
I. A district court reviewing a motion to reopen a dissolution judgment does not err by relying on
case law that predates the amendments to Minn. Stat. § 518.145, subd. 2 (1998) so long as the
court relies on those cases for propositions not inconsistent with the current statutory provisions.
II. A district court reviewing a motion to reopen a dissolution judgment pursuant to Minn. Stat. §
518.145, subd. 2 (1998) denies a party due process if the district court's failure to give clear notice
of the hearing structure and changing burdens of proof prejudices that party.
O P I N I O N
ANDERSON, Judge
Appellant argues the district court (1) abused its discretion by reopening the dissolution judgment
and by improperly valuing and dividing marital property; (2) deprived him of due process of law by
combining the proceeding to reopen the judgment with the evidentiary hearing on the property
division questions; and (3) abused its discretion by awarding respondent need-based and
conduct-based attorney fees. Because the evidence shows the parties' marital termination
agreement contained material mistakes, we affirm the district court's decision to reopen the
judgment based on that agreement. Because we conclude the combined reopening and property
division proceedings deprived appellant of his due process rights, we reverse and remand for further
proceedings and, if necessary, revaluation and redistribution of the marital property. In addition, we
remand the issue of attorney fees.
FACTS
The parties, both age 55, were married in 1968 and have two emancipated children. Appellant is an
attorney. Family law is a meaningful part of his practice. Respondent is an artist, and operates a
small shop to display her work. Appellant actively marketed respondent's artwork, and managed
the parties' finances and taxes. The parties owned outright, or had an ownership interest in, eight
properties including the marital home. In the summer of 1997, the parties sought to dissolve their
marriage and executed a martial termination agreement (MTA).
Appellant drafted the dissolution documents. Though respondent consulted with an independent
attorney, that attorney ultimately did not help her with the dissolution. Appellant drafted the
dissolution petition and named respondent as petitioner. Appellant did not, however, draft a
required waiver of counsel document for his wife's signature. Instead, appellant included a “Legal
Advice” clause in the MTA.
The district court initially rejected the MTA because it contained ambiguous contractual terms
concerning the parties' future business dealings with each other and support of their adult children.
After the parties amended the MTA, the district court accepted it and entered a judgment in August
1997.
In March 1998, respondent sought to reopen the judgment, claiming mistake and fraud. The district
court ordered evidentiary hearings. The evidence showed differences between the property values
assigned in contemporaneous sale, tax, and loan documents and the values assigned in the MTA. In
addition, appellant had, for the purpose of the MTA, evaluated respondent's art inventory. He
concluded the inventory was worth $875,000. An art expert retained by respondent later appraised
the inventory at $43,800. The district court found fraud and mistake warranting reopening the
August 1997 judgment based on appellant's representation of both his own and his wife's interests
and on the differences in property valuations. The district court revalued the assets and redistributed
the marital property equally, awarding appellant and respondent each $723,400.
ISSUES
I. Did the district court abuse its discretion by reopening the dissolution judgment on the basis of
fraud and mistake?
II. Did the district court deny appellant due process?
III. Did the district court abuse its discretion by ordering appellant to pay
need-based and conduct-based attorney fees?
ANALYSIS
I.
Appellant first contends that the district court erred by reopening the dissolution judgment because
the district court (1) misunderstood the law and (2) misapplied the law. This court will not disturb a
district court's decision to reopen a dissolution judgment absent an abuse of discretion. Kornberg
v. Kornberg, 542 N.W.2d 379, 386 (Minn. 1996).
A. District Court's Reliance on Case Law
This court reviews purely legal issues, such as case law relied upon by the district court, de novo.
Shirk v. Shirk, 561 N.W.2d 519, 521 (Minn. 1997). Once a stipulation is merged into a judgment,
the “sole relief” lies in meeting the requirements of Minn. Stat. § 518.145, subd. 2 (1998). Shirk,
561 N.W.2d at 522. Minn. Stat. § 518.145, subd. 2 provides:
Reopening. On motion and upon terms as are just, the court may relieve a party
from a judgment and decree * * * and may order a new trial or grant other relief as
may be just for the following reasons:
(1) mistake, inadvertence, surprise or excusable neglect;
* * * *
(3) fraud, whether denominated intrinsic or extrinsic, misrepresentation, or other
misconduct of an adverse party.
Id.
Respondent brought a motion to reopen the August 1997 judgment and vacate the MTA, and the
district court's findings of fact expressly recognize Minn. Stat. § 518.145, subd. 2 as the controlling
authority. Appellant claims, however, that the court erred by relying on additional authority that
predated Shirk. First, the district court cited Tomscak v. Tomscak, 352 N.W.2d 464, 466 (Minn.
App. 1984) for the proposition that “courts can set aside a stipulation upon a showing of fraud,
duress, or mistake.” Second, the district court relied on Ellesmere v. Ellesmere, 359 N.W.2d 48,
52 (Minn. App. 1984) for the proposition that a court “may exclude a stipulation where there has
not been a full disclosure and where the requisite waiver of counsel is absent.”
Despite relying on cases that predate Shirk, the district court has not erred in its legal analysis.
Shirk “essentially recognized that the 1988 amendment [to Minn. Stat. 518.145] functionally
overruled Tomscak and its progeny to the extent that those cases allowed vacation of
stipulation–based dissolution judgments on grounds other than those listed in the statute.”
Toughill v. Toughill, 609 N.W.2d 634, 640 (Minn. App. 2000) (emphasis added). [1] Thus, a
district court does not err by relying on pre-Shirk or pre-amendment cases where the
circumstances meet the statutory requirements of section 518.145. See Shirk, 561 N.W.2d at
521-22 (explaining that if circumstances meet the statutory requirements of Minn. Stat. § 518.145,
reliance on pre-amendment case law is not error). We note that even a district court's reliance on
pre-Shirk or pre-amendment authority that is contrary to the statute is not reversible error if the
error is harmless. See Minn. R. Civ. P. 61 (stating harmless error to be ignored).
Tomscak provides that courts may vacate a stipulation for fraud, duress, or mistake. Tomscak,
352 N.W.2d at 466. These are appropriate bases for reopening a judgment and decree under
section 518.145, which provides for reopening where there has been “mistake * * * fraud * * *
misrepresentation, or other misconduct of an adverse party.” Minn. Stat. § 518.145, subds. 1, 3.
Duress, while not specifically listed in Minn. Stat. § 518.145, can nonetheless constitute other
misconduct of an adverse party. Hestekin v. Hestekin, 587 N.W.2d 308, 310 (Minn. App. 1998).
The district court did not commit reversible error by placing limited reliance on Tomscak.
Ellesmere allows courts to exclude a stipulation where there has not been a full disclosure by an
opposing party and where a party has not executed a waiver of counsel. Ellesmere, 359 N.W.2d
at 52. In this case, the district court recognized that appellant, an attorney, drafted the MTA's
provisions and managed most of the finances of the parties. Respondent alleged appellant failed to
prepare the required separate waiver of counsel for respondent's signature (as is required by Minn.
R. Gen. Prac. 306) and did not disclose accurate financial information to respondent. These acts
could properly be characterized as “mistake,” “inadvertence,” “excusable neglect,” or even
“misrepresentation” or “misconduct” -- all bases for reopening judgments under section 518.145.
The district court did not commit reversible error by relying on Ellesmere for the proposition that
inadequate disclosure and waiver may justify reopening a judgment under Minn. Stat. § 518.145.
Appellant also disputes the district court's finding that reopening turned on assessment of whether
the MTA was unfair. Although unfairness is not the sole criteria for reopening, it is one of three
elements of marital dissolution fraud. Kornberg, 542 N.W.2d at 387. The district court did not err
by considering unfairness.
B. District Court's Application of the Law
Appellant next asserts that the district court's “reasons for vacation are not in accord with Minn.
Stat. § 518.145, subd. 2,” and argues that the findings that may be read to support reopening are
clearly erroneous.
We will not find an abuse of discretion unless the district court's resolution of the matter “is against
logic and the facts on record * * * .” Rutten v. Rutten, 347 N.W.2d 47, 50 (Minn. 1984) (citation
omitted). Factual findings that resolve whether the judgment was the product of fraud, duress, or
mistake will be upheld unless they are clearly erroneous. Hestekin, 587 N.W.2d at 310. “That the
record might support findings other than those made by the trial court does not show that the court's
findings are defective.” Vangsness v. Vangsness, 607 N.W.2d 468, 474 (Minn. App. 2000).
The district court made numerous findings showing that the MTA's marital property values differed
from the values shown on contemporaneous documents prepared for business or tax purposes. The
district court found that, in valuing the marital property, appellant sometimes used tax records,
sometimes relied on past appraisals, and sometimes tried to determine the present value of the
property himself. Other times, he and respondent just agreed on what they thought the subject
property was worth. A careful review of the record shows that these district court findings are not
clearly erroneous. [2]
The district court also found that appellant managed the parties' properties, completed the parties'
joint tax returns, and involved himself in the marketing of appellant's artwork. The district court
found that appellant, without expert assistance, valued respondent's artwork and assumed that she
would sell each of the nearly 70,000 prints in her art inventory. Appellant appraised the prints at
$875,000, but an art expert assessed their present value and testified the total worth was less than
$45,000. The district court found respondent questioned, but relied on, appellant's valuation
methods because of his legal and business experience. These findings also have a basis in the record
and are not clearly erroneous.
Appellant argues there is evidence that respondent read, understood, and signed the MTA, did not
obtain neutral appraisals, and had access to the parties' financial records. See Maranda v.
Maranda, 449 N.W.2d 158, 166 (Minn. 1989) (vacation of judgment supported where, among
other things, wife denied access to parties' finances). Appellant also argues that respondent testified
she was familiar with the value of her art. See Bury v. Bury, 416 N.W.2d 133, 136 (Minn. App.
1987) (owner of property is presumptively acquainted with its value).
But appellant's financial records show that the values assigned to the property for purposes of the
MTA sometimes differed significantly from nearly contemporaneous values assigned to the same
property for business or tax purposes. See John v. John, 322 N.W.2d 347, 348 (Minn. 1982)
(vacation of judgment upheld where wife agreed to stipulation without being fully informed of the
consequences). Respondent testified that she relied on appellant's business and legal expertise when
accepting the valuations as accurate and was led to believe she did not need to seek outside
assistance. Appellant, on the other hand, testified that respondent was not pressured to accept the
values and was not prevented from enlisting the help of others.
Where evidence relevant to a factual issue consists of conflicting testimony, the district court's
decision is necessarily based on the credibility of the witnesses. Hamilton v. Hamilton, 396
N.W.2d 91, 94 (Minn. App. 1986). We give district courts broad discretion precisely because they
are in the best position to determine which witnesses are credible and to weigh the evidence. See In
re D.L., 486 N.W.2d 375, 380 (Minn. 1992) (stating that “the trial court retains broad discretion
because of its opportunity to observe the parties and hear the witnesses”). Here, the evidence
supports the district court finding that there were material mistakes in the MTA property values.
Appellant's lack of art expertise, for example, may have caused a property value disparity greater
than $800,000.
It is highly unlikely to the point of improbability that had respondent known the scope and
magnitude of these mistakes she would have agreed to the MTA's terms. This is no ordinary case of
buyer's remorse where a party to the MTA had second thoughts; we have here an MTA, and
consequently a judgment, that is riddled with errors, inconsistencies and assumptions with no
supporting evidence. On this record, the district court's decision to vacate the MTA and reopen the
dissolution judgment on the basis of mistake was not an abuse of discretion.
We do not, however, agree with the district court's determination that that the facts support a
finding of intentional fraud. Fraud, in a marital dissolution context, consists of (1) an intentional
course of material misrepresentation or nondisclosure; (2) having the result of misleading the court
and opposing counsel; and (3) making the property settlement unfair. Kornberg, 542 N.W.2d at
387. Though the differences between the property values listed in the MTA and the values shown
on contemporaneous financial documents are significant, some of those differences favor respondent
and there is no discernable pattern that suggests appellant intentionally altered values for dissolution
purposes.
Instead, the record shows that a combination of carelessness, haste, use of improper valuation
methods and lack of experience in valuing art may have contributed to the mistaken property
valuations. We affirm the ruling of the district court to reopen the judgment and vacate the MTA
based on material mistake pursuant to Minn. Stat. § 518.145 subd. 2.
II.
Appellant argues that the district court denied him due process, alleging that (1) the district court
erred by combining the reopening and property division evidentiary hearings; (2) the district court's
findings show a bias against him; (3) the district court did not have the authority to stay the earlier
judgment pending the motion hearing; and (4) the district court erred by reserving the issue of
spousal maintenance because neither party raised it.
A. Proceedings
In a preliminary order, the district court ordered a hearing on mistake or misrepresentation, to be
followed by hearings concerning the value and equitable distribution of property. At an early
hearing, the district court explained that respondent first needed to show fraud or mistake before the
court would take additional evidence concerning property valuation. After the art expert testified,
the district court decided to conduct combined evidentiary hearings concerning property values in
order to determine (1) whether to reopen the dissolution judgment and (2) how to value and divide
the property. The court explained the trial format and appellant's attorney did not object. Several
scattered days of trial took place over the next year. Appellant now argues the combined
evidentiary hearings confused various burden of proof standards and prevented him from effectively
presenting property-value evidence. We agree and reverse and remand.
Due process requires that a hearing be “fair, practicable, and reasonable.” Saturnini v. Saturnini,
260 Minn. 494, 498, 110 N.W.2d 480, 483 (1961). Notice and hearing are the fundamental
aspects of due process. Baker v. Baker, 481 N.W.2d 871, 873 (Minn. App. 1992), rev'd on
other grounds, 494 N.W.2d 282 (Minn. 1992). The colloquies on November 3, 1998 and March
22, 1999 between the district court and appellant's trial counsel show that appellant's trial counsel
became confused about exactly when the hearing changed from a hearing on the motion to reopen
to an evidentiary hearing on the issue of property division. The distinction is critical because the
burdens of proof differ.
A district court's allocation of the burden of proof is subject to de novo review. See Snyder Elec.
Co. v. Fleming, 305 N.W.2d 863, 867 (Minn. 1981); Engelby v. Engelby, 479 N.W.2d 424,
426-27 (Minn. App. 1992) (determining which party had burden of proof without deferring to trial
court). For the purposes of reopening a dissolution judgment, the moving party bears the burden of
proof. See Minn. Stat. § 518.145, subd. 2 (moving party must prove at least one of the statutory
grounds for reopening by a preponderance of the evidence). In contrast, a district court's decisions
valuing and dividing marital property are made on the evidence submitted by both parties, but
neither party bears an affirmative burden of proof. See generally Minn. Stat. § 518.58 (1998)
(governing division of marital property). It is a common practice for each party to present expert
testimony or appraisal evidence concerning the value of the property, after which the district court
judges the weight and credibility of that evidence. See Kitchar v. Kitchar, 553 N.W.2d 97, 102
(Minn. App. 1996) (addressing competing appraisals), review denied (Minn. Oct. 29, 1996);
Sefkow v. Sefkow, 427 N.W.2d 203, 210 (Minn. 1988) (explaining that reviewing courts generally
affirm a district court's credibility determinations, since the district court is in the best position to
assess witnesses).
In this case, the district court's mid-trial decision to take evidence on property values before
determining whether to reopen proceedings confused these standards and, understandably,
appellant's counsel. Our careful reading of the November 3, 1998 and March 22, 1999 hearing
transcripts shows that, because the district court did not rule on respondent's motion to reopen and
vacate, appellant did not know when to cease rebutting appellant's fraud and mistake claims and
when to begin affirmatively presenting property value evidence for division purposes.
Appellant has shown specific prejudice arising from the lack of notice caused by the combined
proceeding. See Bloom v. Hydrotherm, Inc., 499 N.W.2d 842, 845 (Minn. App. 1993) (for
reversal, a party must show error and resulting prejudice), review denied (Minn. June 23, 1993).
Appellant testified that some of the marital property was subject to tax-increment financing and loan
encumbrances totaling over $450,000. While respondent did not dispute the existence of these
encumbrances, the district court nonetheless rejected appellant's testimony about the amount of
encumbrances because appellant did not support his testimony with documentary evidence. The
district court then divided the property based on the evidence it deemed credible. Appellant claims
that if he had understood the necessity of establishing property values for division purposes, he
would have conducted independent art and property appraisals and presented additional evidence
concerning tax-increment financing and loan encumbrances against some of the marital property.
The district court's rejection of appellant's unchallenged testimony for lack of documentary support,
thereby rejecting over $450,000 of presumably verifiable marital debt, underscores the danger of
conducting a combined proceeding without providing clear notice of the burdens of proof. See
Tasker v. Tasker, 395 N.W.2d 100, 104-05 (Minn. App. 1986) (holding district court's rejection
of appellant's uncontroverted valuation testimony compelled remand). Though appellant's trial
counsel might have either objected to the combined hearing or presented documentary evidence of
the encumbrances, considering the circumstances, we will not punish appellant for confusion on the
part of his attorney. See Charson v. Temple Israel, 419 N.W.2d 488, 491 (Minn. 1988)
(explaining reviewing courts' reluctance to punish client for attorney's oversight).
We conclude that the district court's decision to combine reopening and property division
proceedings into one evidentiary hearing confused burdens of proof and thereby prejudiced
appellant. Accordingly, we hold that a district court considering motions to reopen dissolution
judgments pursuant to Minn. Stat. § 518.145, subd. 2 violates a party's right to due process by
conducting the proceeding in such a way as to deny a party notice of evidentiary burdens of proof.
We reverse and remand to allow the district court to consider additional property-value evidence,
and, if necessary, amend the findings of fact and conclusions of law. Given the result reached here,
we need not address appellant's argument that the district court improperly valued and divided the
property.
B. Bias
In posttrial motions, appellant unsuccessfully sought to remove the district court judge for bias,
claiming that the findings of fact demonstrated animosity toward him. A party may remove a judge
for bias upon a showing of affirmative prejudice. Minn. R. Civ. P. 63.03; see Uselman v.
Uselman, 464 N.W.2d 130, 139 (Minn. 1990) (holding a party must bring a motion demonstrating
“prejudice or implied or actual bias” if the party failed to remove the judge before trial). We will not
reverse a district court's decision to deny a removal motion absent an abuse of discretion. Carlson
v. Carlson, 390 N.W.2d 780, 785 (Minn. App. 1986), review denied (Minn. Aug. 20, 1986).
It should come as no surprise that the district court, having found not only mistake but also fraud
and misrepresentation, necessarily made less-than-flattering findings concerning appellant. Having
carefully reviewed the unfavorable findings in light of the entire record, we conclude that they do not
constitute an affirmative showing of bias and that the district court did not abuse its discretion by
denying appellant's motion for removal.
C. Stay
Appellant complains that the district court lacked the authority to stay the effect of the June 1997
dissolution judgment during the district court's review of respondent's motion to reopen. Because
appellant did not raise this issue in his posttrial motions, we decline to review it. Thiele v. Stich,
425 N.W.2d 580, 582-83 (Minn. 1988).
D. Spousal Maintenance
Appellant argues that the district court should not have reserved the issue of spousal maintenance
because the MTA made no provision for maintenance. District courts are vested with broad
discretion to determine whether to reserve maintenance. Maeder v. Maeder, 480 N.W.2d 677,
679 (Minn. App. 1992), review denied (Minn. Mar. 19, 1992). In this case, the district court's
reservation of maintenance was well within its discretion. The district court correctly observed that
unless there is a completed, equitable redistribution of property, respondent may be left without
sufficient means to provide for her reasonable needs. See generally Minn. Stat. § 518.552 (1998)
(allowing district courts to award maintenance in dissolution proceedings if one spouse is unable to
provide for his or her reasonable needs).
Although the MTA did not provide for spousal maintenance and respondent did not request it, the
district court's decision merely to reserve the maintenance issue pending a resolution of the unique
property issues in this case was not an abuse of discretion. See Toughill, 609 N.W.2d at 638-39
n.1. (noting that a district court generally may not, by judicial fiat, impose conditions on the parties
to which they did not stipulate and deprive the parties of their day in court).
III.
Finally, appellant contests the district court's decision to award respondent attorney fees. The
district court awarded respondent attorney fees based on both her need for fees and appellant's
conduct. See Minn. Stat. § 518.14 (1998) (bases for attorney fee awards). A district court's
attorney fee award will be reversed only for an abuse of discretion. Kronick v. Kronick, 482
N.W.2d 533, 536 (Minn. App. 1992). Need-based attorney fee awards require the district court
to find that (1) the fees are needed for a party's good faith assertion of rights; (2) the payor can pay
the fees; and (3) the recipient cannot. Minn. Stat. § 518.14. District courts may, in their discretion,
award additional fees “against a party who unreasonably contributes to the length or expense of the
proceedings.” Id. The crux of appellant's claim is that the record lacks support for the district
court's findings of the parties' financial conditions and appellant's misconduct. We do not set aside
findings of fact unless they are clearly erroneous. Minn. R. Civ. P. 52.01.
The district court found sufficient grounds for need based attorney fees and also found appellant's
misconduct supported the fee award. The district court concluded that appellant failed to produce
discovery and cooperate throughout the trial. The record shows that appellant's failure to cooperate
required an unusual posttrial order for discovery. But, appellant's failure to produce adequate
evidence is intertwined with the combined nature of the reopening and property division hearings in
this case. Because we find the combined trial format a denial of due process for lack of notice,
appellant's failure to produce evidence alone cannot support an award of conduct-based fees.
We cannot discern, however, whether other conduct would support an award of fees or what
portion of entire award is attributable to need-based fees. The district court did not make findings
sufficient to show what combination of need or conduct support all, or different parts of, the entire
award. This precludes effective review. Moreover, our decision to remand for further trial
anticipates redistribution of the marital property. Redistribution necessarily affects the underlying
findings of fact that now support need-based attorney fees. Under these circumstances, we remand
the issue of attorney fees to the district court.
D E C I S I O N
When reviewing a motion to reopen dissolution proceedings pursuant to Minn. Stat. § 518.145,
subd. 2 (1998), a district court does not err by relying on case authority to the extent that the cases
were decided on grounds now enumerated in the statute. A district court considering a motion to
reopen under section 518.145, subd. 2 denies a party due process if the district court's failure to
give clear notice of the hearing structure and changing burdens of proof prejudices that party.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
Footnotes
[1] Appellant relies on Toughill for his argument that Tomscak and progeny are overruled. That is
not a correct reading of Toughill. In Toughill, we incidentally recognized the limits Shirk places on
earlier case law, including Tomscak. Toughill, 609 N.W.2d at 639-40. Moreover, Toughill differs
significantly from this case. There, the appellant-husband, by pre-trial motion, sought to rescind the
MTA before it had been incorporated into a judgment. Id. at 637-38. The criteria of Minn. Stat. §
518.145 at issue here did not apply in Toughill.
[2] For example, while one part of the judgment estimates that market value of the parties'
homestead to be $350,000, the judgment elsewhere assigns different values to the home based on
encumbrances against the property. The judgment assigns a Chaska property a tax market value of
$131,400, but this amount is inconsistent with both appellant's testimony and with a number of
exhibits. There are similar confusing aspects to the valuations of the parties' interests in the duplex
and a farm.
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