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State of Maine v. John James
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MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT Reporter of Decisions
Decision: 2002 ME 86
Docket: Sag-01-628
Argued: May 7, 2002
Decided: May 29, 2002
Panel:SAUFLEY, C.J., and CLIFFORD, RUDMAN, DANA, ALEXANDER, CALKINS,
and LEVY, JJ.
STATE OF MAINE
v.
JOHN JAMES
ALEXANDER, J.
[¶1] John James appeals from a judgment of the Superior Court (Sagadahoc
County, Field, J.) revoking James's probation and ordering that he serve
the remaining term of his underlying sentence. James contends that the court's
consideration of multi-level hearsay evidence violated his due process right
to confront and cross-examine adverse witnesses. We agree and vacate the judgment.
I. CASE HISTORY
[¶2] On June 15, 1998, John James was convicted of Class C burglary and
theft, and sentenced in the Superior Court (Atwood, J.) to the Department
of Corrections for a term of five years, with all but six months suspended.
The Superior Court also ordered that James be placed on probation for a term
of three years, with conditions, including requirments that he refrain from
criminal conduct and the possession or use of alcohol.
[¶3] A motion to revoke James's probation was filed by Probation Officer
Anthony Trodello on October 12, 2000, alleging that James violated the terms
of his probation on August 16, 2000, by (1) committing the offense of criminal
mischief, and (2) having a blood-alcohol content of 0.11% or more.
[¶4] At the September 26, 2001 probation revocation hearing, the State
presented only the testimony of Corinne Zipps, James's assigned Probation Officer,
in support of the revocation. Zipps testified that she spoke several times with
James's arresting officer, Officer Paul Cox of the Windham Police Department,
as part of her investigation of the allegations. Officer Cox relayed to Zipps
that the Windham police had been summonsed to a campground by James's girlfriend,
who called from a local store to report that James had "threatened her, smashed
out her windshield and started to tear up their tent when she attempted to leave."
James's girlfriend told the police that James got on the hood of her vehicle
when she attempted to leave but fell off when she increased her speed.
[¶5] Zipps never spoke directly with James or his girlfriend about the
alleged incident. In the record, it is unclear whether Officer Cox spoke directly
with James's girlfriend or whether another Windham officer spoke with her and
then advised Cox of her statements. Zipps testified that the resulting criminal
mischief charge was dismissed by the Cumberland County District Attorney's Office
on August 15, 2001, more than a month before the probation violation hearing,
due to a lack of cooperation by the victim.
[¶6] Officer Cox also told Zipps that he administered an intoxilizer test
at the time of James's arrest. Zipps testified that she "believed" the result
of the test was a 0.11% blood-alcohol concentration. No blood- alcohol test
was marked as an exhibit or admitted by the court at the probation violation
hearing. When asked whether Cox was trained to administer the breath alcohol
apparatus, Zipps replied, "I believe all of the Windham officers are trained,
except for the newest ones, and are certified."
[¶7] The defense objected to Zipps's hearsay testimony on the grounds that
it violated James's due process right to confront witnesses. Specifically, the
defense objected to Zipps's testimony regarding the content of her conversations
with Probation Officer Trodello and Officer Cox as well as Zipps's testimony
regarding her beliefs about the contents of the intoxilizer report. The court
overruled each of the objections, noting that the evidence presented "a pure
hearsay problem," and not a problem regarding the defendant's due process rights.
[¶8] The Superior Court found by a preponderance of the evidence that John
James committed criminal mischief and consumed intoxicating liquor in violation
of the conditions of his probation. The court then ordered James to serve the
remainder of his underlying sentence, approximately four years, and terminated
his probation. This appeal followed.
II. DISCUSSION
[¶9] Hearings on motions to revoke probation are governed by 17-A M.R.S.A.
§ 1206 (Supp. 2001). Upon motion, the trial court may revoke probation
if the State proves, by a preponderance of the evidence, that (1) the probationer
"inexcusably failed to comply with a requirement imposed as a condition of probation,"
or (2) the probationer committed a crime, if the alleged violation constitutes
a crime. Id. § 1206(5)-(6); see also State v. Walker, 675
A.2d 499, 501 (Me. 1996) (burden of persuasion in probation revocation hearing
rests with prosecution). James contends that the evidence presented by the State,
consisting solely of Probation Officer Zipps's hearsay testimony regarding (1)
her conversations with Officer Cox as to the content of the alleged victim's
statements to the Windham police, and (2) her beliefs about the results of James's
blood-alcohol test, violated his due process right to confront and cross-examine
witnesses because that testimony was unreliable, "unreasonably abundant" hearsay.
[¶10] A probation revocation hearing is not considered a stage in the criminal
process and, therefore, "the full panoply of rights due a defendant in such
a proceeding does not apply." Morrissey v. Brewer, 408 U.S. 471, 480
(1972) (parole revocation); see also Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 411 U.S. 778,
782 (1973) (applying Morrissey to probation revocation hearings);
State v. Caron, 334 A.2d 495, 497-98 (Me. 1975) (importing Gagnon
into Maine law).
[¶11] The United States Supreme Court has held that such hearings "should
be flexible enough to consider evidence including letters, affidavits, and other
material that would not be admissible in an adversary criminal trial." Morrissey,
408 U.S. at 489; see also Gagnon, 411 U.S. at 782 n.5 ("While
in some cases there is simply no adequate alternative to live testimony, we
emphasize that we did not in Morrissey intend to prohibit use where appropriate
of the conventional substitutes for live testimony, including affidavits, depositions,
and documentary evidence."). Accordingly, the Maine Rules of Evidence do not
apply to probation revocation hearings. M.R. Evid. 1101(b)(4).
[¶12] Because revocation hearings have the potential to deprive persons
of their liberty, however, minimum guarantees of due process are necessary.
Caron, 334 A.2d at 497. Among those guarantees is the "right to confront
and cross-examine adverse witnesses (unless the hearing officer specifically
finds good cause for not allowing confrontation)." Gagnon, 411 U.S. at
786; see also 17-A M.R.S.A. § 1206(4). As reflected by prior cases,
which have focused only upon the reliability of proffered hearsay and have never
required an explanation for the declarant's absence, the need to show good cause
vanishes "if the proffered evidence itself bears substantial guarantees of trustworthiness."
Egerstaffer v. Israel, 726 F.2d 1231, 1234 (7th Cir. 1984).
[¶13] The testimony presented in James's revocation hearing was inadmissible
multi-level hearsay under the rules of evidence because none of the combined
statements fall within an exception to the hearsay rule. See M.R. Evid.
805. Although Zipps's testimony was the sole evidence presented in support of
the alleged probation violation, that fact alone does not indicate that James
was denied due process. As we stated in State v. Caron, 334 A.2d at 498,
the use of hearsay evidence is "per se, consistent with constitutional fundamental
fairness 'due process' guarantees as applicable to a proceeding to revoke a
probation." It is only when the hearsay is "unreasonably abundant and its substantive
reliability highly suspect," that a decision resting upon such evidence will
violate due process. Id. Cf. State v. Whitten, 667 A.2d
849, 852 (Me. 1995) (finding due process violation in sentencing proceeding
where trial court considered hearsay writing without taking steps to ensure
its factual reliability); Heal v. Maine Employment Sec. Comm'n, 447 A.2d
1223, 1226 (Me. 1982) (finding due process violation where the Commission considered
two hearsay documents that had no "assurance of reliability"). Whether the admission
of Zipps's hearsay testimony violated James's due process right to confrontation
therefore turns upon whether that evidence was inherently reliable.
[¶14] The first step in analyzing the reliability of proffered evidence
is to determine whether the evidence would be admissible under the rules of
evidence; that is, whether the evidence is excluded from hearsay under the rules
or falls within a firmly rooted hearsay exception. Bailey v. State, 612
A.2d 288, 292 (Md. 1992); Commonwealth v. Durling, 551 N.E.2d 1193, 1198
(Mass. 1990); State v. Mack, 825 S.W.2d 851, 856 (Mo. 1992). This is
the first step because "[e]vidence which would be admissible under standard
evidentiary rules is presumptively reliable." Durling, 551 N.E.2d at
1198; cf. Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 66 (1980) ("Reliability
can be inferred without more in a case where the evidence falls within a firmly
rooted hearsay exception."). Zipps's hearsay testimony regarding the content
of the alleged victim's statements to the Windham police as well as Zipps's
belief as to the blood-alcohol test results is not entitled to a presumption
of reliability because neither of those portions of testimony falls within a
firmly rooted hearsay exception or is excluded from hearsay under the rules
of evidence. See M.R. Evid. 801(d), 803.
[¶15] When the proffered evidence would not be admissible under the rules
of evidence, its reliability must be independently examined. Durling,
551 N.E.2d at 1198. A variety of factors may be considered at this level of
analysis, including: (1) whether the hearsay evidence is corroborated, in whole
or part, by live testimony presented at the probation violation hearing or an
admission by the probationer, see Labbe, 617 A.2d at 1025 (finding corroboration
in defendant's admission to probation officer as well as his testimony at the
revocation hearing); State v. Casiano, 667 A.2d 1233, 1240 (R.I. 1995)
(concluding hearsay testimony relating child victim's statements sufficiently
corroborated because defendant admitted striking the child with a belt and medical
experts testified the child's bruises were consistent with being struck by a
belt); (2) the source of the hearsay, including the potential for bias or motive
to fabricate, Bailey, 612 A.2d at 293-94 (concluding source of hearsay
letter, a structured half-way house, was reliable because the half-way house
was required to report non compliance with probation conditions to the court);
and (3) whether the hearsay evidence is sufficiently detailed, Egerstaffer,
726 F.2d at 1235 (determining tape recording of hearsay declarant's interview
to contain sufficient indicia of reliability in part because declarant gave
a reasonably detailed account of the events); Durling, 551 N.E.2d at
1201 (finding police reports sufficiently reliable because they related facts
observed by the police officers personally and were factually detailed, as opposed
to general statements or conclusions).
[¶16] The State's evidence regarding the alleged victim's statements to
the Windham police does not contain any of the typical guarantees of reliability.
Although Zipps herself may have been a credible witness, the information she
was relaying came from essentially unspecified sources. The State did not present
any corroborating evidence, in the form of live testimony or an admission by
James, to establish the reliability of James's girlfriend's reported statements
to the Windham police or to guarantee the reliability of Officer Cox's statements.
There was no testimony that Officer Cox personally observed the smashed windshield
or torn tent. Additionally, James's girlfriend, the source of the hearsay, may
have had reason to fabricate the incident, and her failure to later cooperate
with the criminal prosecution makes the reliability of the reports of her statement
all the more difficult to judge.
[¶17] Zipps's hearsay testimony regarding the blood-alcohol test result
also does not contain any guarantees of trustworthiness. The blood- alcohol
test result is not corroborated by any live testimony, such as testimony by
Officer Cox that he smelled alcohol on James's breath or observed any impairment
typically associated with alcohol consumption. Nor was any corroborating evidence
in the form of other hearsay presented to the court, such as a statement by
the alleged victim that James consumed alcohol. See State v. Finch, 569
A.2d 494, 495 (Vt. 1989) (finding reliability where evidence from two hearsay
sources was consistent and mutually supportive).
[¶18] It is also unclear whether the source of the hearsay was Officer
Cox, or a document such as a printout from an intoxilizer or certified results
of a blood-alcohol test. Finally, Zipps herself undermines the reliability of
the test results because she testified only that she "believed" the police obtained
a 0.11% blood-alcohol test result and that she "believed" that all of the Windham
police officers are trained and certified in the use of intoxilizer machines.
[¶19] Because Officer Zipps's testimony does not contain sufficient indicia
of reliability and was the only evidence presented by the State, the Superior
Court erred in relying upon such evidence to find violations of James's conditions
of probation.
The entry is:
Judgment vacated.
Attorneys for State:
Geoffrey A. Rushlau, District Attorney
Patricia A. Mador, Asst. Dist. Atty., (orally)
P O Box 246
Bath, ME 04530
Attorney for defendant:
Mary A. Davis, Esq.
Tisdale & Davis, P.A.
P O Box 572
Portland, ME 04112
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