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Associated Builders v. Coggins
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MAINE SUPREME JUDICIAL COURT					Reporter of Decisions
Decision:	1999 ME 12
Docket:	Han-98-247
Submitted
on Briefs:	November 6, 1998
Decided:	January 20, 1999

Panel:WATHEN, C.J., and CLIFFORD, DANA, SAUFLEY, ALEXANDER, and CALKINS, JJ.

ASSOCIATED BUILDERS, INC.

v.

WILLIAM M. COGGINS et al.

DANA, J.

	[¶1]  Associated Builders, Inc. appeals from a grant of a summary
judgment entered in the Superior Court (Hancock County, Marsano, J.) in
favor of the defendants William M. Coggins and Benjamin W. Coggins, d/b/a
Ben & Bill's Chocolate Emporium.  Associated contends that the court erred
when it held that despite a late payment by the Cogginses,  an accord and
satisfaction relieved the Cogginses of a contractual liability.  The Cogginses
argue that the three-day delay in payment was not a material breach of the
accord and, even if the breach was material, Associated waived its right to
enforce the forfeiture.  We agree with the Cogginses and affirm the
judgment.
	[¶2]  Associated provided labor and materials to the Cogginses to
complete a structure on Main Street in Bar Harbor.  After a dispute arose
regarding compensation, Associated and the Cogginses executed an
agreement stating that there existed an outstanding balance of $70,005.54
and setting forth the following terms of repayment:

It is agreed that, two payments will be made by [the Cogginses]
to [Associated] as follows:  Twenty Five Thousand Dollars
($25,000.00) on or before June 1, 1996 and Twenty Five
Thousand Dollars ($25,000.00) on or before June 1, 1997.  No
interest will be charged or paid providing payments are made as
agreed.  If the payments are not made as agreed then interest
shall accrue at 10% [ ] per annum figured from the date of
default.  There will be no prepayment penalties applied.  It is
further agreed that Associated Builders will forfeit the balance of
Twenty Thousand and Five Dollars and Fifty Four Cents
($20,005.54) providing the above payments are made as agreed.

The Cogginses made their first payment in accordance with the agreement. 
The second payment, however, was delivered three days late on June 4,
1997.  Claiming a breach of the contract, Associated filed a complaint
demanding the balance of $20,005.54, plus interest and cost.  The
Cogginses answered the complaint raising the affirmative defense of an
accord and satisfaction and waiver.  Both parties moved for a summary
judgment.  The court granted the Cogginses' motion and Associated
appealed.
	[¶3]  The trial court must enter a summary judgment "if the
pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file,
together with the affidavits, if any, referred to in the statements required by
[M.R. Civ. P.] 7(d) show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact
set forth in those statements and that any party is entitled to a judgment as
a matter of law."  M.R. Civ. P. 56(c).  "On appeal from a grant of summary
judgment, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
nonprevailing party, and review the trial court decision for errors of law." 
Greenvall v. Maine Mutual Fire Ins. Co., 1998 ME 204, ¶ 5, 715 A.2d 949,
951.
	[¶4]  "An accord 'is a contract under which an obligee promises to
accept a substituted performance in future satisfaction of the obligor's
duty.'"  E.S. Herrick Co. v. Maine Wild Blueberry Co., 670 A.2d 944, 946 (Me.
1996) (quoting Stultz Elec. Works v. Marine Hydraulic Eng'g Co., 484 A.2d
1008, 1011 (Me. 1984)).  Settlement of a disputed claim is sufficient
consideration for an accord and satisfaction.  Id. at 947.  Here, the court
correctly found the June 15, 1995 agreement to be an accord.
	[¶5]  Satisfaction is the execution or performance of the accord.  See
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 281(1) (1981).  If the obligor breaches
the accord, the obligee may enforce either the original duty or any duty
pursuant to the accord.  See id. § 281(2) (1981); see also Arthur L. Corbin, 6
Corbin on Contracts § 1271, at 93-94 (1961).  The obligor's breach of the
accord, however, must be material.  See Zenith Drilling Corp. v. Internorth,
Inc., 869 F.2d 560, 563-64 (10th Cir. 1989) (applying Oklahoma law); A.E.
Giroux, Inc. v. Contract Servs. Assocs., 299 N.W.2d 20, 20-21 (Mich. App. Ct.
1980).  The question before the court, therefore, was whether the
Cogginses' late payment constituted a material breach of the accord.  The
court found that it was not.
	[¶6]  We apply traditional contract principles to determine if a party
has committed a material breach.  See Down East Energy Corp. v. RMR, Inc.,
1997 ME 148, ¶ 10, 697 A.2d 417, 421.  A material breach "is a non-
performance of a duty that is so material and important as to justify the
injured party in regarding the whole transaction as at an end."  Id. (quoting
Arthur L. Corbin, 4 Corbin on Contracts § 946, at 809 (1951)); see
Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 241 (1981).{1}  "Time of performance is
merely one element in determining whether a defective or incomplete or
belated performance is "substantial [performance]."  Arthur L. Corbin, 3A
Corbin on Contracts § 713, at 355 (1960).  Applying these principles, courts
have found that a slight delay of payment that causes no detriment or
prejudice to the obligee is not a material breach.  See, e.g., Jenkins v. U.S.A.
Foods, Inc., 912 F. Supp. 969, 974 (E.D. Mich. 1996) (applying Michigan
law) (contract payment made two days after expiration of grace period not a
material breach where payee suffers little or no prejudice); Edward Waters
College, Inc. v. Johnson, 707 So.2d 801, 802 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App. 1998) (one
day delay in paying settlement agreement not a material breach where
agreement did not state that time is of the essence and payee incurred no
hardship because of delay); A.E. Giroux, Inc., 299 N.W.2d at 20-21 (accord
satisfied by one-day delay of payment where no material damage to obligee
and payment amounted to substantial performance).
	[¶7]  We discern no error in the Superior Court's finding that the
Cogginses' payment to Associated after a three-day delay was not a material
breach and, therefore, satisfied the June 15, 1995 accord.  See A.E. Giroux,
Inc., 299 N.W.2d at 20-21.  By receiving the second and final payment of
$25,000, Associated was not deprived of the benefit that it reasonably
expected.  See Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 241(a) (1981). 
Moreover, Associated has not alleged any prejudice from this three-day
delay.  See Jenkins, 912 F. Supp. at 974;  Edward Waters College, 707 So.2d
at 802; A.E. Giroux, Inc., 299 N.W.2d at 20-21.  Further, the Cogginses' late
payment was not made in bad faith.  See Restatement (Second) of Contracts §
241 cmt. f (1981) ("The extent to which the behavior of the party failing to
perform or to offer to perform comports with standards of good faith and
fair dealing is . . . a significant circumstance in determining whether the
failure is material."); cf. Zenith Drilling Corp., 869 F.2d at 563-64 (material
breach of accord when party withheld payment to force other party to
renegotiate agreement).  Finally, neither the purpose of the June 15, 1995
accord nor the language of the accord suggests that time was of the essence. 
See Baybutt v. Constr. Corp. v. Commercial Union Ins. Co., 455 A.2d 914, 919
(Me. 1983) (court must "give effect to the intention of the parties as
gathered from the language of the agreement viewed in the light of all the
circumstances under which it was made.").  Because the late payment was
not a material breach of the June 15, 1995 accord, the Cogginses have
complied with the June 15, 1995 agreement relieving them of further
liability to Associated.
	[¶8]  Even if the breach was material and Associated could have
enforced the forfeiture, Associated waived that right when it accepted the
late payment.  A waiver is a voluntary or intentional relinquishment of a
known right.  See Kirkham v. Hansen, 583 A.2d 1026, 1027 (Me. 1990)
(citing Interstate Indus. Unif. Rental Serv., Inc. v. Couri Pontiac, Inc., 355
A.2d 913, 919 (Me. 1976)).  If a party in knowing possession of a right does
something inconsistent with the right or that party's intention to rely on it,
the party is deemed to have waived that right.  See id.  A party waives a
contractual right arising from a breach because of a late payment when that
party accepts tender of the late payment.  See Northeast Ins. Co. v. Concord
Gen. Mutual Ins. Co., 461 A.2d 1056, 1058 (Me. 1983) (insurer waives right
to consider policy terminated or canceled for lack of payment if it accepts
late payment); Savings & Loan Ass'n. v. Tear, 435 A.2d 1083, 1085 (Me.
1981) (mortgagee waives right to foreclose if it accepts late payment). 
Here, because Associated accepted the final $25,000 payment, it waived its
right to enforce the forfeiture.
	[¶9]  The trial court, therefore, did not err when it held that a
satisfaction of the accord occurred when Associated accepted the final
payment.
	The entry is:
					Judgment affirmed.

Attorney for plaintiff:

Philip R. Foster, Esq.
Foster Law Offices
P O Box 919
Ellsworth, ME 04605

Attorney for defendant:

Brett D. Baber, Esq.
Rudman & Winchell, LLC
P O Box 1401
Bangor, ME 04402-1401