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People v. Jefferies, No. 5-98-0422

5th District, 18 February 2000

JUSTICE HOPKINS delivered the opinion of the court:

Defendant, Chaya L. Jefferies, appeals from her conviction for two counts of mutilation of election materials (10 ILCS5/29-6 (West 1996)). On appeal, defendant contends that she was not proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt because theevidence at trial demonstrated that defendant did not sign the election materials. We reverse.

FACTS

On August 22, 1997, defendant was charged by indictment with three counts of mutilation of election materials. Theindictment asserted that defendant knowingly falsified address information on the 1995 voter registration cards of MontriettBoey, Dana Johnson, and Lisa Boey.

Defendant was tried by bench on May 19, 1998. At trial, the voter registration cards, introduced as exhibits by the State,indicated Dana Johnson's, Montriett Boey's, and Lisa Boey's names on the upper portion of the cards, and each card listedthe address as "20 Loisel [sic] Drive," (20 Loiselle Drive), which is located in East St. Louis. In the lower portion of thecard, the signature attested that the above statements were true. Defendant's boyfriend's, Michael Collins's, signature waslisted as the registration officer on each card, and each card was dated January 30, 1995. James Lewis, the executivedirector of the East St. Louis Board of Election Commissioners, testified that the voter registration card is used forregistration and voting proceedings in East St. Louis, Illinois.

At trial, Lisa Boey testified that she had lived in St. Louis, Missouri, since 1993. Lisa stated that she never resided at 20Loiselle Drive but that, upon the suggestion of defendant and Michael Collins, she voted by listing that address and servedas an election judge in Loiselle Village in East St. Louis. Lisa testified that defendant told her she would receive a checkfrom the election commissioner for being an election judge and the check would be sent to 800 Nobie Lane, East St. Louis,defendant's address.

Lisa further testified that she later read her name in a newspaper article concerning numerous voters who listed 20 LoiselleDrive as their address during the voting process. Lisa testified that she approached defendant concerning the article, butdefendant told Lisa not to worry. Lisa testified that upon leaving, defendant gave Lisa an affidavit to sign. The affidavit,offered into evidence, stated that Lisa resided at 20 Loiselle Drive on January 1995 and had since moved to the address of800 Nobie Lane. Approximately one week later, defendant called Lisa to arrange a meeting with Michael Collins atdefendant's 800 Nobie Lane address. At the meeting, Lisa testified that Michael Collins told the members of the meeting,including defendant, defendant's brother, Ryan Flemming, and Lisa, that they could receive probation for the electionoffense. Lisa testified that one week later, defendant gave Lisa an application for transfer card to change her registrationaddress from 20 Loiselle Drive to 800 Nobie Lane. Lisa testified that she never contacted the Board of ElectionCommissioners to request an application to change her address.

Lisa identified the January 30, 1995, voter registration card and stated that her first and last name and birthday listed in theupper portion of the card were correct but that her social security number and phone number were incorrect. Lisa testifiedthat although the card was purportedly signed by her, she did not sign the registration card.

Montriett Boey, Lisa's niece, testified that she lived at 8913 West Boul between 1987 and 1995. Montriett stated that sheknew defendant for six or seven years prior to trial. Montriett testified that prior to reading the newspaper article inNovember 1995, which listed her name as one of the individuals registered to vote under the 20 Loiselle Drive address, shedid not know that she had been registered to vote in East St. Louis. Both defendant and Michael Collins told Montriett thatsince the newspaper article did not list her address or social security number correctly, it did not concern her.

Montriett identified the voter registration card that listed her name. Other than the name, Montriett testified that theadditional information, including the date of birth, place of birth, social security number, and 20 Loiselle Drive address,were incorrect. Montriett also identified a certificate of registered voter's card that listed her name and included a signatureand the 20 Loiselle Drive address which were not hers. Montriett further testified that she did not vote in the November 7,1995, election.

Robert White, the chief investigator for the State's Attorney's Office in St. Clair County, testified that he received acomplaint that Loiselle Village had voting irregularities in the 1995 election. Robert testified that he attempted to locate the14 persons named in the newspaper article registered at 20 Loiselle Drive. Robert testified that the house located at 20Loiselle Drive is a small, four-room, brick house occupied by Dora Ward, who is 86 years of age. Robert testified that hesecured handwriting samples from defendant, Michael Collins, Lisa Boey, Montriett Boey, Ryan Flemming, and DanaJohnson. Robert also testified that defendant told him she had lived at 20 Loiselle Drive with her brother and two othermales in January 1995 but had moved to 800 Nobie Lane in July 1995.

Stephen McKasson, a recognized expert in the area of handwriting, testified for the State that the handwriting evidenceindicated that Montriett Boey, Lisa Boey, and Dana Johnson did not write their signatures on the voter registration cards.Stephen testified that after requesting a second handwriting exemplar from defendant, he formed the opinion that defendantprinted the information in the upper portion of the voter registration cards, including the name, address, date and place ofbirth, social security number, and telephone number for Montriett Boey, Lisa Boey, and Dana Johnson.

McKasson explained that "East St. Louis" on line two of the address information was omitted on Dana Johnson'sregistration card and was printed by someone other than defendant on Lisa Boey's and Montriett Boey's registration cards.The State asserted in argument that defendant inadvertently omitted "East St. Louis" from line two of block one so thattwice someone else had to write it in for her and the third time the information remained omitted. Stephen further testified,however, that based upon the known writings of defendant, the handwriting evidence did not indicate that defendant hadwritten the signatures of Dana Johnson, Lisa Boey, or Montriett Boey on the signature line of the voter registration cards.

The court denied defendant's motion for directed verdict as to the charges concerning Montriett Boey and Lisa Boey butgranted the motion as to count two, regarding Dana Johnson, and on May 21, 1998, found defendant guilty of counts I andIII of the criminal indictment. On June 30, 1998, the court sentenced defendant to 18 months' concurrent probation withpublic employment prohibited for five years following the completion of sentence. Also on June 30, 1998, defendant filed aposttrial motion alleging that the court's guilty findings were against the manifest weight of the evidence, that the courterred in failing to direct a verdict as to counts I and III, that the court erred in failing to strike the State's evidence withrespect to Lisa Boey after the State violated discovery, that the court erred in failing to sentence defendant to a lesser-included offense, and that the court erred in finding defendant guilty of fraud due to the fact that the document was attestedto or signed by another person. The court denied defendant's posttrial motion. Defendant filed her timely appeal.

ANALYSIS

Standard of Review

Defendant contends on appeal that the State failed to prove her guilty beyond a reasonable doubt because the evidence attrial demonstrated that defendant did not sign the voter registration cards. The State asserts that defendant violated thestatute when she knowingly printed the false information, namely, the address of 20 Loiselle Drive, on the votingdocuments.

The relevant question raised by defendant's contention is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable tothe prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found all of the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonabledoubt. See People v. Gilliam, 172 Ill. 2d 484 (1996); People v. Davis, 278 Ill. App. 3d 532 (1996). If a reviewing courtfinds that the evidence is so unsatisfactory that it creates a reasonable doubt of the defendant's guilt, the conviction must beset aside. See Davis, 278 Ill. App. 3d at 539.

Mutilation of Election Materials

The sole issue on appeal is whether defendant's conduct constituted knowing falsification of the voter registration cards inviolation of section 29-6 of the Election Code (10 ILCS 5/29-6 (West 1996)). "The cardinal rule of statutory construction isto ascertain and give effect to the true intent of the legislature." People v. Latona, 184 Ill. 2d 260, 269 (1998). "The mostreliable indicator of legislative intent is the language of the statute itself." Latona, 184 Ill. 2d at 269. In the absence of astatutory definition suggesting a different legislative intent, words are to be given their ordinary and commonly understoodmeaning. See People v. Hicks, 164 Ill. 2d 218, 222 (1995); Davis v. Human Rights Comm'n, 286 Ill. App. 3d 508, 518(1997). If the language is clear, the court must give it effect and should not look to extrinsic aids for construction. See In reMarriage of Logston, 103 Ill. 2d 266, 277 (1984).

Section 29-6 of the Election Code reads, in pertinent part, as follows:

"Any person who knowingly *** falsifies *** any record *** or any other document *** which (a) is used or to bepreserved for use in connection with registration[] or (b) is used or to be preserved for use in connection with anyelection pursuant to this Code *** shall be guilty of a Class 4 felony and shall also be ineligible for publicemployment for a period of 5 years immediately following the completion of his or her sentence." 10 ILCS 5/29-6(West 1996).

A review of the Election Code's language shows that the mental element of the offense of mutilation of election materials isknowledge. Although knowledge is not defined in the Election Code, the supreme court in People v. Gean noted that"[k]nowledge generally refers to an awareness of the existence of the facts which make an individual's conduct unlawful.(21 Am. Jur. 2d Criminal Law