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FOURTH DIVISION
October 30, 2003

No. 1-00-1384

JUSTICE THEIS delivered the opinion of the court:

Following a bench trial, defendant Miguel Fernandez was convicted of cannabis traffickingand possession of cannabis with the intent to deliver, and was sentenced to 12 years in prison. Onappeal, he contends that (1) the trial court erred in denying his motion to suppress evidencebecause he did not knowingly and voluntarily consent to the search of his luggage; and (2) thetrial court erred in denying his motion to dismiss the indictment due to the State's destruction ofevidence. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

BACKGROUND

Defendant's conviction arose from his November 26, 1997, arrest at Midway Airportwhere Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents found approximately 20 kilograms ofdrugs in his suitcases. Prior to trial, he filed a motion to quash arrest and suppress evidence,claiming that he did not knowingly and voluntarily consent to the search of his luggage. At thehearing, Agent Antonio Smith testified that he approached defendant outside the airport terminalalong with Officer Howard Small. Speaking in English, they identified themselves as policeofficers and asked to talk with defendant regarding his travels. Defendant agreed to speak withthem. Agent Smith requested defendant's plane ticket and identification. In response, defendantproduced a copy of his plane ticket receipt, a California driver's license, and an alien registrationcard with a photograph of himself. When Smith asked him if anyone gave him any gifts orpackages to bring to Chicago, defendant replied, "no." When asked how long he was going to bestaying in Chicago, and with whom he would be staying, defendant replied that he did not know.

Agent Smith then asked defendant a series of questions about his luggage. He askeddefendant whether he packed his bags himself and whether he knew the contents of his bags. Defendant replied "yes" to both questions. Smith asked defendant if he would give consent tosearch his bag and told him that he would be looking for large amounts of narcotics or narcoticsrelated currency. According to Smith, defendant looked down to the ground, looked back up atSmith and replied "yes." According to Smith, defendant's hands were visibly shaking and hisvoice was cracking.

Agent Smith testified that one of the suitcases presented in court at the hearing had a lockon one of the zippers. He did not observe the condition of the lock mechanism at the time theluggage was outside the airport terminal, could not recall whether defendant had a key, and statedthat Officer Small did not have any difficulty opening the suitcases.

Defendant testified that he was born in Mexico, was a permanent resident alien, living inthe United States since 1995, and had no formal education in English. According to defendant, hetold the police he did not understand everything that they were asking him. He told them that thesuitcases were in his possession, but that they were not his suitcases, and stated that the policeopened the luggage without his permission. Defendant further testified that the luggage had alock on it, that he did not have the key to the lock, and that the officers forced the suitcases open. Defendant denied being nervous when he spoke to the officers. Based upon the testimonypresented, the trial court denied the motion to suppress evidence.

Prior to trial, defendant filed a motion to dismiss the indictment, due to the policeevidence recovery and protection section's (ERPS) destruction of two of the three suitcases. Heargued that the destroyed evidence was necessary to establish his defense that he did notknowingly possess the drugs. The trial court denied the motion to dismiss, finding that thesuitcases were not the corpus delicti of the offense and that the State had sufficient evidence withwhich to prove its case.

The following relevant evidence was then produced at a bench trial. Defendant was seenboarding a Southwest Airlines flight in California on November 26, 1997, and aroused thesuspicion of Agent Danielle Claude of the DEA. According to Agent Claude, defendant wascarrying three heavy suitcases that smelled like laundry detergent and paid cash for his ticket toChicago. Claude then gave Agent Smith this information as well as a description of defendant andthe bag tag numbers for defendant's three suitcases. Smith testified that he followed defendant tothe baggage claim area and saw him claim three bags. He approached defendant with his partner,Officer Small, and questioned defendant. Agent Smith testified consistently with his testimony atthe hearing on the motion to suppress evidence.

Additionally, Smith stated that defendant told him that he packed his suitcases himself andthat they only contained his clothing. When asked if anyone had given him any gifts or packagesto bring to Chicago that he did not know the contents of, defendant replied "no," and again statedthat the luggage only contained his clothes. When Smith asked permission to search his luggage,defendant again stated that it contained only clothing. According to Smith, defendant then gavehim verbal consent by stating that it was okay to search his suitcases. Smith confirmed that thebag tag numbers on the three bags matched the numbers he was given. One large brick-likebundle of cannabis was recovered from each of the three suitcases. Defendant was then arrestedand given his Miranda rights, which he said he understood.

After his arrest, defendant answered a series of background questions. According toSmith, defendant told him that the drugs did not belong to him. He told Smith that a friend of afriend contacted him and asked him to transport three suitcases to Chicago. The friend told himthat the suitcases would be left at the San Diego Airport inside of a cab, and that once he arrivedin Chicago with the package he would be paid approximately $1,000 and the suitcases would bepicked up by an unidentified individual.

The State introduced a suitcase into evidence in court. Smith testified that it was one ofthe three suitcases defendant was carrying on the night of the occurrence. He acknowledged thatthe suitcase had a lock, but he stated that he was not responsible for opening up the suitcases andthat Officer Small did not have any problems getting into the suitcases. Agent Claude testifiedthat she thought she observed locks on the luggage when she inspected them. She acknowledgedthat there was a lock on the luggage presented in court and that it was probably there when shesaw the bags at the airport in San Diego.

The State also introduced photographs that Smith identified as photographs of the threepieces of luggage carried by defendant and taken on November 26, 1997. He stated that thephotographs fairly and accurately depicted the suitcases as he remembered them on the night ofthe occurrence. Included was a blown-up photograph of all three suitcases carried by defendanton the night of the occurrence. Officer Small also testified that the photographs depicted thethree bags that belonged to defendant, that the bags had locks on them, but he did not recallundoing the locks. He later testified that he did not have to open the locks on the luggage. Hedid not recall whether the other two suitcases had locks similar to the lock on the suitcase incourt.

Defendant testified at trial that Jose Anaya invited him to take a trip to Chicago. He metAnaya two weeks before the trip through other friends of his, but could not recall where he methim or who the friends were that introduced him. He later testified that he was confused, that heremembered meeting Anaya at a work party and that Anaya knew his family. Anaya lived downthe street from defendant. He stated that Anaya made the reservations one day before the trip. He understood that he was going to stay with Mr. Anaya, but he did not know where they werestaying or for how long. On November 26, 1997, he and his wife picked defendant up at hishouse and took him to the airport. Anaya asked defendant if he could help him with his suitcasesbecause he was sick with kidney problems.

Defendant carried three suitcases into the airport and checked them in under his ownname. He agreed that the suitcase introduced in court was one of the suitcases that he carriedinto the airport. Anaya told him there were clothes in the suitcases. Defendant stated that henever examined the bags, but he knew that they had locks on the zippers. He acknowledged thatwhen the officers asked if they could open up the luggage, defendant told them that it containedclothes because that is what Anaya told him. When asked why at that point he did not tell theofficers that the luggage was Mr. Anaya's, he responded "and what do you want me to tell them -to tell them that so they could kill my kids?" "If I would say something, they would kill myfamily." He testified that Anaya threatened to kill him if he told the police that Mr. Anaya and hiswife were carrying clothes in their luggage.

When asked whether he gave consent to open his luggage, he stated, "I went like this, andthey opened them." No indication is made in the record as to a description of his gesture. Defendant later testified that he allowed the police to look into his suitcases because he had"nothing to fear." At the close of the evidence, defendant renewed his motion to dismiss theindictment on account of the destroyed evidence. The trial judge denied the motion and founddefendant guilty as charged.

ANALYSIS

On appeal, defendant contends that he did not give a knowing and voluntary consent tosearch his suitcases because he did not understand that he was being asked for permission to doso, nor did he understand that he had a right to refuse the search. Accordingly, he argues that thepolice violated his fourth amendment rights. Initially, we reject defendant's assertion that theState must prove that defendant knew he had a right to refuse consent in order to prove that theconsent was valid. The requirement of a "knowing and intelligent" waiver in this context wasrepudiated long ago by the United States Supreme Court in Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S.218, 36 L. Ed. 2d 854, 93 S. Ct. 2041 (1973). The court held that this strict test did not apply toFourth Amendment rights designed to protect the security of one's privacy against arbitraryintrusion by the police because "[a]ny defendant who was the subject of a search authorized solelyby his consent could effectively frustrate the introduction into evidence of the fruits of that searchby simply failing to testify that he in fact knew he could refuse to consent." Schneckloth, 412U.S. at 230, 36 L. Ed. 2d at 864, 93 S. Ct. at 2049.

As stated in Schneckloth, "[a]lmost without exception, the requirement of a knowing andintelligent waiver has been applied only to those rights which the Constitution guarantees to acriminal defendant in order to preserve a fair trial" such as waiver of the right to a jury trial,waiver of Miranda rights, or waiver of effective assistance of counsel. Schneckloth, 412 U.S. at237, 36 L. Ed. 2d at 868, 93 S. Ct. at 2052-53. Here, in contrast, the fairness of the trial is notunder attack. The fourth amendment is "'not an adjunct to the ascertainment of truth.'" Schneckloth, 412 U.S. at 242, 36 L. Ed. 2d at 872, 93 S. Ct. at 2055. Accordingly, "thegovernment need not establish such knowledge as the sine qua non of an effective consent." Schneckloth, 412 U.S. at 227, 36 L. Ed. 2d at 863, 93 S. Ct. at 2048.

A consent to search is valid under the fourth amendment if it is voluntary. Ohio v.Robinette, 519 U.S. 33, 40, 136 L. Ed. 2d 347, 355, 117 S. Ct. 417, 421, (1996). Consent is notvoluntary where it is the result of official coercion, intimidation or deception. People v. Perez,288 Ill. App. 3d 1037, 1046, 681 N.E.2d173, 179 (1997). Voluntariness is a question of fact tobe determined from the totality of the circumstances. Robinette, 519 U.S. at 40, 136 L. Ed. 2d at355, 117 S. Ct. at 421. The determination of the trial court regarding the voluntariness of aconsent will not be disturbed unless it is clearly unreasonable. People v. Casazza, 144 Ill. 2d 414,417-18, 581 N.E.2d 651, 653 (1991).

Here, defendant does not argue that he was coerced, intimidated or deceived, but, rather,that he did not understand English. According to the officers, defendant answered a litany ofquestions in English without hesitation and responded with appropriate answers. For example,when asked to search his luggage, he responded that the luggage only contained clothes. Additionally, the conversation following his arrest required him to provide more substantialanswers, evidencing from the totality of the circumstances that defendant understood what wasbeing asked of him. Moreover, defendant's own testimony at trial was that he allowed the policeto search his suitcases because he "had nothing to fear." Accordingly, the record supports thetrial court's determination that defendant gave voluntary consent to search his luggage.

Next, defendant contends that his right to due process was violated because the policedestroyed two of the three suitcases prior to trial. Defendant argues that the destroyed luggagewas material and necessary to his defense because it would have established that the bags werelocked, and therefore he did not have access to their contents and hence could not haveknowingly possessed the drugs.

In California v. Trombetta, 467 U.S. 479, 485-90, 81 L. Ed. 2d 413, 419-23, 104 S. Ct.2528, 2532-35, (1984), the United States Supreme Court held that the State violates a defendant'sright to due process when it destroys evidence that has "constitutional materiality," meaningevidence that (1) has "an exculpatory value that was apparent before the evidence was destroyed"and (2) is "of such a nature that the defendant would be unable to obtain comparable evidence byother reasonably available means." Trombetta, 467 U.S. at 489, 81 L. Ed. 2d at 422, 104 S. Ct.at 2534. However, where the evidence is merely potentially useful, the defendant must establishbad faith on the part of police to establish a due process violation. Arizona v. Youngblood, 488U.S. 51, 57-58, 102 L. Ed. 2d 281, 289, 109 S. Ct. 333, 337 (1988).

Here, we reject defendant's assertion that the two destroyed suitcases were exculpatoryevidence with respect to the element of knowing possession. Defendant's theory at trial was thatthe suitcases were locked, that he did not have the keys, and that he therefore did not know thatthere were drugs in the suitcases. Only one suitcase was necessary to rebut the State's case. Either the suitcase was locked and it would have served to impeach the State's testimony andproved the defense, or it was not locked and would have corroborated the State's testimony andentirely disproved the defense. As a result, the other two suitcases were not necessary to hisdefense.

Additionally, "a defendant should not be rewarded for the inadvertent loss of a piece ofevidence where other evidence sufficient to support his conviction remains." People v. Hobley,159 Ill. 2d 272, 307, 637 N.E.2d 992, 1007 (1994). Even if defendant were able to prove that hedid not have access to the suitcases, the State presented other evidence to show that even despitehis lack of access, he knew the contents of the suitcases. Defendant was paid $1,000 to take thesuitcases to Chicago and was told the bags contained only clothes, but he then stated that hisfamily would be killed if he told the police that the suitcases filled with clothes were Anaya's, hewas nervous and shaking before they opened his luggage, he paid cash for his one-way ticket toChicago, and he did not know where he would be staying or for how long. Accordingly, for all ofthe foregoing reasons, the destroyed luggage can only be described at best as potentially useful.

Furthermore, defendant had comparable evidence available to him with which to supporthis theory that he did not have access to the luggage and therefore did not knowingly possess thedrugs. As stated above, the State introduced one of the three suitcases at trial and defendantacknowledged that it was one of the suitcases he was carrying on the night of his arrest. Defensecounsel had ample opportunity to use it as evidence to support his theory that the suitcases werelocked, that defendant did not possess the keys, and that defendant therefore was not aware thatthey contained drugs. He also had an opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses to determinewhether the suitcases were locked and forced open and to impeach their credibility.

Moreover, enlarged photographs of all three suitcases taken on the night of the arrestwere introduced into evidence and were available to the defense to show the condition of theluggage. While the photographs were not made part of the record on appeal, any doubts arisingfrom the incompleteness of the record will be construed against defendant, whose responsibility itwas as appellant to present a complete record on review. People v. Batrez, 334 Ill. App. 3d 772,779, 778 N.E.2d 1182, 1189 (2002); Foutch v. O'Bryant, 99 Ill. 2d 389, 391-92, 459 N.E.2d 958(1984).

While defendant argues that all three bags were necessary to resolve contradictions in thetestimony which developed at the hearing on the motion to suppress evidence, the State maintainsthat all three bags were available to him at that time to inspect and use as exhibits to resolve anyconflict. Defendant does not dispute this fact. Accordingly, where the luggage had onlypotentially useful value, defendant had other comparable evidence available to his defense, andthere was no evidence that the failure to preserve the luggage constituted bad faith by the police,defendant has failed to satisfy the tests set forth in Trombetta and Youngblood.

Alternatively, defendant argues that he need not show the exculpatory value of theevidence nor make a show of bad faith to establish a due process violation where, as here, he fileda written discovery motion including a request to examine all tangible objects that had been seizedfrom him and the State subsequently destroyed some of the evidence. He cites People v.Newberry, 166 Ill. 2d 310, 652 N.E.2d 288 (1995), in support. In Newberry, the court held asfollows:

"where evidence is requested by the defense in a discovery motion, the State is onnotice that the evidence must be preserved, and the defense is not required to makean independent showing that the evidence has exculpatory value in order toestablish a due process violation. [Citation.] If the State proceeds to destroy theevidence, appropriate sanctions may be imposed even if the destruction isinadvertent. No showing of bad faith is necessary." Newberry, 166 Ill. 2d at 317,652 N.E.2d at 292.

We find that Newberry is distinguishable from the present case. In Newberry, not only was theevidence "essential to and determinative of the outcome of the case" (Newberry, 166 Ill. 2d at315, 652 N.E.2d at 291), the defendant "could not 'obtain comparable evidence by otherreasonably available means' [Citation.]"(Newberry, 166 Ill. 2d at 316, 652 N.E.2d at 291). Whiledefendant need not establish the exculpatory value of the evidence, this case is markedly differentwhere, here, defendant was not without alternative means of demonstrating his innocence andthus was not deprived of a meaningful opportunity to present a complete defense. No dueprocess violation could be proved.

Independent of any due process violation, defendant makes a related argument on appealthat the State's destruction of the evidence was a discovery violation mandating the dismissal ofthe indictment as a sanction. Rule 415(g)(i) (134 Ill. 2d R. 415(g)(i)) confers broad power on thetrial court to impose sanctions where the State fails to comply with its discovery obligations. Theappropriate sanction is a decision left to the discretion of the trial court, and its judgment isentitled to great weight. Newberry, 166 Ill. 2d at 318, 652 N.E.2d at 292. Dismissal of thecharges as a discovery sanction is not required in every situation in which evidence is destroyed. People v. Sykes, 341 Ill. App. 3d. 950, 972, 793 N.E.2d 816, 836 (2003); People v. Vargas,116Ill. App. 3d 787, 792, 452 N.E.2d 736, 739 (1983). The sanction must be proportionate to themagnitude of the violation. People v. Koutsakis, 255 Ill. App. 3d 306, 314, 627 N.E.2d 388, 393(1993).

In Newberry, the defendant raised a Rule 415 discovery violation in the circuit court, andon appeal, "[c]onsidering the pivotal nature of the evidence at issue," the court found that it wasnot an abuse of discretion to dismiss the indictment as a proper discovery sanction. Newberry,166 Ill. 2d at 318, 652 N.E.2d at 292. In contrast, here, defendant never brought a motion beforethe trial court pursuant to a Rule 415 discovery violation, and most importantly, the evidence wasnot pivotal to defendant's ability to rebut the State's case. Dismissing the indictment would havebeen disproportionate to the magnitude of the violation.

Furthermore, defendant failed to request any other limitations on the State's presentationof evidence that could have diminished any potential prejudicial effect (see Sykes, 341 Ill. App. 3dat 972, 793 N.E.2d at 836 (trial court denied motion to dismiss indictment, but granteddefendant's request for an appropriate jury instruction regarding the destruction of evidence), nordo we find that the destruction of the evidence in this case had any prejudicial effect on defendant. Therefore, it was not an abuse of discretion for the trial court to deny defendant's motion todismiss the indictment as a discovery sanction.

Accordingly, for all of the foregoing reasons, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court.

Affirmed.

QUINN, P.J. and HARTMAN, J., concur.