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THIRD DIVISION
February 16, 2005

JUSTICE SOUTH delivered the opinion of the court:

Petitioner, Sterling Robert Simmons, and the minor child respondent, through his child-representative, Patrick T. Murphy, the Cook County Public Guardian, have filed theseconsolidated appeals arising from an order of the circuit court of Cook County which denied thepetition for dissolution marriage; declared that the marriage between petitioner and respondent,Jennifer Simmons, was invalid; awarded respondent sole care and custody of the minor child; heldthat petitioner lacked standing to seek custody of the child; terminated petitioner's parental rights;held that the minor child's constitutional rights were protected; and denied the minor child'smotion for declaratory judgment.

Petitioner was born a female on March 31, 1959, and given the name of Bessie CorneliaLewis. At a very young age, he⁽¹⁾ began experiencing a great discomfort with his female anatomyand became convinced that he was actually a boy who had been born into the body of a girl. Thiscondition is commonly referred to in the psychiatric field as gender dysphoria or gender identitydisorder. A person suffering from gender dysphoria is uncomfortable with his assigned or geneticsex and has a preoccupation with ridding himself of the physical characteristics of that assigned orgenetic sex. To that end, petitioner began taking testosterone, the male hormone, to alter hisappearance and started going by the name of Robert Sterling Simmons. He has been takingtestosterone since he was 21 years old, and as a result thereof he now has the outward appearanceof a man, which includes facial and body hair, male pattern baldness, a deep voice, ahypertrophied clitoris, and increased muscle and body mass.

Petitioner and respondent participated in a wedding ceremony on August 10, 1985, and acertificate of marriage was issued by the county clerk of Cook County on August 29, 1985. In1991, they decided to have a child, and it was agreed that respondent would undergo artificialinsemination. As a result of that procedure, respondent gave birth to the minor child on July 20,1992, and petitioner is listed as the father on the child's birth certificate.

On July 31, 1991, petitioner underwent a total abdominal hysterectomy and a bilateralsalpingo oophorectomy, which removed his uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. However, he stillto this day retains all of his external female genitalia, which includes a vagina, labia, ahypertrophied clitoris, and breasts.

In 1994, petitioner sought to obtain a new birth certificate which would designate his sexas "male." In accordance with the Vital Records Act (410 ILCS 535/1 et seq. (West 2002)), Dr.Raymond McDermott, petitioner's treating physician who specializes in obstetrics andgynecology, submitted an "Affidavit by Physician as to Change of Sex Designation" to theDepartment of Public Health, attesting that he had performed "certain surgical operations" onpetitioner "by reason of which the sex designation" should be changed from "female" to "male." The surgeries to which Dr. McDermott was alluding were the July 31, 1991, hysterectomy andoophorectomy. In October of 1994, the State Registrar issued petitioner a new birth certificatewhich bears the name of Sterling Robert Simmons and the gender designation of "male." Theoriginal birth certificate has been placed under seal and can only be opened by court order. Additionally, petitioner's name has been legally changed by court order to Sterling RobertSimmons.

The relationship between the parties was quite tumultuous and began to deterioratethroughout the years. On August 24, 1998, petitioner filed a petition for dissolution of marriagein which he sought, inter alia, temporary and permanent sole care and custody of the minor child. In her answer, respondent alleged that petitioner lacked standing to assert custody rights over theminor child because their same-sex marriage was invalid under Illinois law, and he was neither thebiological nor adoptive parent. A trial was conducted on the petition, and the minor child wasrepresented throughout the proceedings by a guardian ad litem and the office of the PublicGuardian. At the conclusion of the trial, the court denied the petition for dissolution of marriageon the grounds that there was no marriage to dissolve since it was void ab initio as a same-sexmarriage. The court also awarded sole custody of the minor child to respondent and declared thatpetitioner lacked parental rights or standing to seek custody. However, the court did grantpetitioner visitation rights. While petitioner and the minor child appeal from the order, neitherthey nor respondent appeal that portion of the order which grants him visitation rights.

Petitioner and the minor child have raised several issues for our consideration: (1)whether the trial court erred in holding that petitioner is a woman and not legally male and,therefore, not legally married to respondent who is also a woman; (2) whether the trial court erredin holding that petitioner is not a legal parent under the Illinois Parentage Act (750 ILCS 40/1 etseq. (West 2002)), the Illinois Parentage Act of 1984 (750 ILCS 45/1 et seq. (West 2002)), theIllinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (750 ILCS 5/101 et seq. (West 2002)), orcommon law; (3) whether respondent is barred from challenging petitioner's parentage of theminor child under the doctrines of equitable estoppel and laches and the statute of limitations asset forth in the Illinois Parentage Act; (4) whether the minor child can bar respondent fromattacking the validity of petitioner's parentage as an intended third-party beneficiary to hisparents' artificial insemination agreement; (5) whether the trial court's finding that petitioner isnot the legal father of the minor child violates the minor child's constitutional rights to equalprotection and due process; and (6) whether petitioner should be given standing as a parent toseek custody of the minor child under equitable or de facto parentage theories.

Under the Illinois Marriage and Dissolution of Marriage Act (Marriage Act) (750 ILCS5/101 et seq. (West 2002)), while a marriage between a man and a woman is valid (750 ILCS5/201 (West 2002)), a marriage between two individuals of the same-sex is prohibited (750 ILCS5/212(a)(5) (West 2002)). However, parties to a marriage prohibited under section 212 whocohabit after removal of the impediment are lawfully married as of the date of the removal of theimpediment. 750 ILCS 5/212(b) (West 2002).

Petitioner challenges the trial court's conclusion that he is a female and not legally male. Petitioner was diagnosed as a transsexual male in his late teens and began undergoing sexreassignment treatments.

Petitioner maintains that he is male, that his marriage to respondent was valid, and that thetrial court's conclusion that the marriage is invalid on the basis that he is a female was against themanifest weight of the evidence.

The decision of the trial court following a bench trial should be overturned only if it isagainst the manifest weight of the evidence. In re Marriage of Kendra, 351 Ill. App. 3d 826, 829(2004). A decision is against the manifest weight of the evidence when the opposite conclusion isapparent or when the ruling is unreasonably arbitrary or not based on the evidence. JudgmentServices Corp. v. Sullivan, 321 Ill. App. 3d 151, 154 (2001). Under the Marriage Act, theformalities for a lawful marriage require a marriage between a man and a woman to be licensed,solemnized and registered as provided in the Marriage Act. 750 ILCS 5/201 (West 2002).

Dr. Laurence Levin, respondent's expert in the field of gender reassignment, testified thatwhile petitioner presents the physical appearance of a male, he has clear, normal female externalgenitalia and breast tissue. Dr. Frederic Ettner, petitioner's expert and a member of the HarryBenjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association, has treated hundreds of transsexualsduring his medical career and described petitioner as a healthy male with male pattern baldness,the musculature of a male, facial and male body hair, and a male torso, but who still has femalegenitals, including atrophic or dysfunctional female breasts, atrophic labia, an enlarged clitoris,and a vagina. Dr. McDermott, while not an expert in the field of sexual or gender reassignment,testified that petitioner is still a female even after the hysterectomy and oophorectomy, and thatthose surgeries were never intended to be part of the sex-reassignment process. He admitted thatthe only reason he signed the physician's affidavit in connection with the issuance of the new birthcertificate was to "help out" petitioner and make it easier for him to legally change his sex fromfemale to male. All of the physicians testified that there were other surgeries which had to bedone on petitioner before he could be considered completely sexually reassigned, which wouldinclude a vaginectomy, reduction mammoplasty, metoidoiplasty, scrotoplasty, urethroplasty, andphalloplasty.

Based upon the testimony of all of the expert witnesses who testified at trial that petitionerstill possesses all of his female genitalia, we find that the judgment of the trial court that he is afemale and not legally a male was not against the manifest weight of the evidence. Furthermore,once the trial court found that petitioner is a female who was "married" to another female, it hadno choice but to deny the petition for dissolution of marriage on the grounds that the same-sexmarriage was invalid under Illinois law.

Petitioner argues that even if the marriage was invalid at the time of the marriageceremony in 1985, it subsequently became valid on July 31, 1991, when he underwent thehysterectomy and oophorectomy. He cites section 212(b) of the Marriage Act as support for hiscontention which provides that parties to a marriage prohibited under this section who cohabitafter removal of the impediment are lawfully married as of the date of the removal of theimpediment. 750 ILCS 5/212(b) (West 2002). Petitioner maintains that on July 31, 1991, the"impediment" was removed, and that he and respondent cohabited after removal of theimpediment. However, contrary to petitioner's contention, the "impediment" has never beenremoved because while he has undergone surgeries to remove his internal female organs, he stillpossesses all of his external female genitalia and requires additional surgeries before sexreassignment can be considered completed.

Petitioner further contends that Illinois has officially acknowledged that he was sexuallyreassigned when the State Registrar issued him a new birth certificate designating his sex as"male." Under the Vital Records Act (410 ILCS 535/1 et seq. (West 2002)), for a person born inthis state, the State Registrar of Vital Records shall establish a new certificate of birth when hereceives:

"An affidavit by a physician that he has performed an

operation on a person, and that by reason of the operation the sexdesignation on such person's birth record should be changed. TheState Registrar of Vital Records may make any investigation orrequire any further information he deems necessary." 410 ILCS535/17(d) (West 2002).

Pursuant to this statute, Dr. McDermott filled out and submitted the physician's affidavitwhich stated that he had performed "certain surgical operations" on petitioner by reason of whichthe sex designation of petitioner should be changed from female to male. However, at trial, headmitted that the only reason he filled out the affidavit was to "help out" petitioner. While Dr.McDermott characterized petitioner's surgery as part of the sex change procedure on the onehand, he later admitted at trial that the sole reason behind the surgeries was petitioner's history ofendocrine dysfunction and hyperstimulation with potential malignancy due to his long-term use oftestosterone. Even if we were to accept petitioner's argument that the surgeries were part of hissex reassignment, it is clear that the reassignment has never been completed. According to Dr.McDermott and even Dr. Ettner, the sex change procedure is still "in process" and has not beencompleted, and there are still other procedures which must be done in order to complete the sexreassignment or change. Therefore, the mere issuance of a new birth certificate cannot, legallyspeaking, make petitioner a male. Furthermore, it is unlikely that the State Registrar would haveissued the new birth certificate had the information been disclosed to him that the individualseeking the new "male" birth certificate still had external female genitalia. Were we to acceptpetitioner's argument that the mere issuance of the new birth certificate conclusively establishesthat he is now a man who may legally marry a woman in this state, we would also be compelled todeclare that the marriage is valid based upon the mere fact that the county clerk of Cook Countyissued the parties a marriage license in 1985. The issuance of marriage licenses and new birthcertificates are ministerial acts that generally do not involve fact-finding. Here, there was no fact-finding whatsoever on the part of the State Registrar of Vital Records. While the State Registrarhad the right to conduct an investigation and make inquiries upon receipt of the application for anew birth certificate, no such investigation was ever conducted. The courts, on the other hand,are fact-finding bodies, and in this particular instance the trial court found facts which the StateRegistrar did not find and ruled accordingly.

Petitioner maintains that even if we find his marriage is invalid, the artificial inseminationagreement which he, respondent, and the physician signed pursuant to the Illinois Parentage Act(Parentage Act) (750 ILCS 40/1 et seq. (West 2002)) confers standing upon him to seek custodyof the minor child.

The Parentage Act sets forth certain procedures for couples who wish to have childrenthrough artificial insemination:

"If, under the supervision of a licensed physician and withthe consent of her husband, a wife is inseminated artificially withsemen donated by a man not her husband, the husband shall betreated in law as if he were the natural father of a child therebyconceived. The husband's consent must be in writing executed andacknowledged by both the husband and wife. The physician who isto perform the technique shall certify their signatures and the dateof the insemination, and file the husband's consent in the medicalrecord where it shall be kept confidential and held by the patient'sphysician. However, the physician's failure to do so shall not affectthe legal relationship between father and child." 750 ILCS 40/3(a)(West 2002).

On April 18, 1991, the parties went to a fertility clinic and entered into a written artificialinsemination agreement with a physician to perform "one or more, if necessary," artificialinsemination procedures with sperm from a stranger-donor. That agreement stated, in relevantpart:

"It is further agreed that [at] the moment of conception the husbandhereby accepts the act as his own, and agrees:

1. That such child or children so produced are his ownlegitimate child or children and are heirs of his body; and

2. That he hereby completely waives forever any rightwhich he might have to disclaim such child or children as his own;and

3. That such child or children so procedure [sic] are, andshall be considered to be, in all respects including descent ofproperty, child or children of his own body." (Emphasis added.)

That agreement was signed by petitioner as "husband," respondent as "wife," and the physicianwho performed the artificial insemination procedure.

This issue requires us to determine whether section 3 of the Parentage Act includestranssexual males who have signed artificial insemination agreements as husbands in an invalidsame-sex marriage. We find that it does not.

Issues of statutory construction are reviewed de novo. In re D.D., 196 Ill. 2d 405, 418(2001). The primary objective in construing a statute is to determine and give effect to thelegislature's intent. Yang v. City of Chicago, 195 Ill. 2d 96, 103 (2001). This effort properlybegins with an examination of the statutory language. Texaco-Cities Service Pipeline Co. v.McGaw, 182 Ill. 2d 262, 270 (1998). Each undefined word in the statute must be ascribed itsordinary and popularly understood meaning. Texaco-Cities, 182 Ill. 2d at 270.

It is clear from reading the statute in question that the legislature intended that this statuteapply to "husbands" and "wives" as those terms are ordinarily and popularly understood. Petitioner and respondent signed the agreement as "husband" and "wife." However, inasmuch aswe have upheld the trial court's determination that petitioner was not a "husband" and respondentwas not a "wife" due to the invalidity of their marriage, we are compelled to find that theagreement is also invalid. Furthermore, the physician who performed the artificial inseminationprocedure failed to comply with the statute in that he did not certify the signatures and the date ofthe insemination. Under the statute, the physician is required to certify the date of insemination inorder to make the consent valid. 750 ILCS 40/3(a) (West 2002). In this case, the only date thatappears on the consent form is April 18, 1991, but the record does not disclose the actual date ofinsemination because it was never certified by the physician. Respondent testified that the firstprocedure did not occur until approximately one month after the April 18, 1991, agreement wassigned, and that she did not become pregnant until after the sixth procedure, some several monthslater. We find that the artificial insemination agreement did not comport with the statute and was,therefore, invalid on those grounds as well. See In re Marriage of Witbeck-Wildhagen, 281 Ill.App. 3d 502, 506 (1996) (wherein the Fourth District stated in dicta that the husband's writtenconsent is required each time the wife is to undergo an insemination procedure).

Petitioner further argues that even if the agreement is held to be invalid, section 5 of theIllinois Parentage Act of 1984 (Parentage Act of 1984) (750 ILCS 45/5 (West 2002)) grants apresumption of parenthood, and that a child born from artificial insemination to two marriedparents retains his right to parentage with both parents even if the marriage is subsequently heldinvalid.

Section 5 of the Parentage Act of 1984 states in relevant part:

"(a) A man is presumed to be the natural father of a child if:

(1) he and the child's natural mother are or havebeen married to each other, even though the marriage is orcould be declared invalid, and the child is born or conceivedduring such marriage;

(2) after the child's birth, he and the child's naturalmother have married each other, even though the marriageis or could be declared invalid, and he is named, with hiswritten consent, as the child's father on the child birthcertificate[.]" 750 ILCS 45/5(a)(1), (a)(2) (West 2002).

While we agree with petitioner's interpretation of the statute, we must conclude that itdoes not apply to him. That section, which confers a presumption on a "man" to be the naturalfather of a child even after a marriage has been declared invalid, is based on the premise that theparties who are involved are a man and a woman. As we have previously determined, petitioner isnot a man within the meaning of the statute, and that, therefore, the statute does not apply.

Petitioner further maintains that even if we find that the Parentage Act, the Parentage Actof 1984, and the Marriage Act do not apply, he can still be considered a legal parent undercommon law. In support of his argument, he relies on In re Parentage of M.J., 203 Ill. 2d 526(2003). In that case, petitioner and respondent, a woman and a man respectively, were notmarried to each other but agreed to have a child through artificial insemination becauserespondent was sterile. They did not sign an artificial insemination consent agreement, but the respondent made oral promises to petitioner that he would always provide financial support forthe child, and he paid for the procedure. Petitioner subsequently gave birth to twins, and therespondent, as promised, provided financial support for the children until their relationship endedafter she discovered that he was married to someone else. At that time, respondent withdrew hisfinancial support, and petitioner filed a three-count complaint to establish paternity and impose asupport obligation for the benefit of their children. The first count alleged the breach of an oralagreement, and the second count alleged promissory estoppel. Both counts alleged thatrespondent made an offer to petitioner that he would treat the child/children as his own andprovide financial support for them and that but for these representations she never would haveundergone artificial insemination. The third count sought a request for a declaration of paternityand establishment of child support pursuant to the Parentage Act of 1984. Our supreme courtheld that because written consent is a prerequisite for invoking the protections of the ParentageAct, plaintiff could not maintain an action under it. However, the court also found that there wasnothing in the Parentage Act of 1984 that prohibited common law actions to establish parentalresponsibility. M.J., 203 Ill. 2d at 531, 539.

While M.J. does stand for the proposition that an action can be brought under commonlaw theories for financial support, it does not stand for the proposition that questions of paternityor custody may be brought under common law theories of breach of contract and promissoryestoppel. In fact, the plaintiff in M.J. did not prevail on her request for a declaration of paternityin count III of her complaint, as the court held that such an issue can only be addressed under theParentage Act of 1984. We read M.J. to stand for the proposition that while matters of financialsupport and parental responsibility may be brought under common law theories of breach of anoral contract and promissory estoppel, questions of paternity and custody must still be broughtunder the Parentage Act of 1984. Since we have previously determined that petitioner lacksstanding under the Parentage Act of 1984, this argument must fail.

Petitioner also contends that he should be declared the de facto parent based upon hislong, loving and close relationship with the minor child who has always known him as his"Daddy."

In In re Visitation With C.B.L., 309 Ill. App. 3d 888 (1999), the petitioner, who hadengaged in a long-term lesbian relationship with respondent, who had given birth to the minor as aresult of artificial insemination, sought an order granting her visitation with the minor childpursuant to the Marriage Act. She argued that she had alleged facts in her petition sufficient toestablish her standing as a common law de facto parent or as an individual in loco parentis to theminor child. C.B.L., 309 Ill. App. 3d at 889-90. On appeal, she abandoned her contention thatthe allegations within her petition were sufficient to establish her standing under the Marriage Actand contended only that they were sufficient to provide her standing as a common law de factoparent or as an individual in loco parentis to C.B.L. C.B.L., 309 Ill. App. 3d at 890. This courtheld that the Marriage Act superseded and supplanted the common law of visitation in Illinois andthat, therefore, any standing for visitation must be found solely within that Act. C.B.L., 309 Ill.App. 3d at 891. Since petitioner conceded her lack of standing under the Act, her petition lackedmerit. C.B.L., 309 Ill. App. 3d at 894.

The court in C.B.L. further stated:

"Finally, this court is not unmindful of the fact that ourevolving social structures have created nontraditional relationships. This court, however, has no authority to ignore the manifest intent of our General Assembly. Who shall have standing to petition forvisitation with a minor is an issue of complex social significance.Such an issue demands a comprehensive legislative solution. Thatsolution is provided, by our General Assembly, within [theMarriage Act]." C.B.L., 309 Ill. App. 3d at 894-95.

Similarly, in the instant case, petitioner's standing to seek full care and custody of theminor child must be found solely within the Marriage Act, the Parentage Act, or the ParentageAct of 1984. Our determination that he lacks such standing under those acts is dispositive of theissue.

Finally, petitioner argues that respondent should be barred from contesting his parentageby the doctrines of equitable estoppel and laches and the applicable statute of limitations underthe Parentage Act of 1984.

Estoppel arises when a party, by his words or conduct, intentionally or through culpablenegligence, induces reasonable reliance by another on his representations and thus leads the other,as a result of that reliance, to change his position to his detriment. Zink v. Maple Investment &Development Corp., 247 Ill. App. 3d 1032, 1039 (1993). The purpose of equitable estoppel is toprevent fraud and injustice. Payne v. Mill Race Inn, 152 Ill. App. 3d 269, 276 (1987). Equitableestoppel bars a wife from attacking the validity of a joint custody agreement that calls for sharedcustody of the child and for the husband to pay child support when the wife entered into theagreement, accepted child support and allowed the husband to visit the child, which caused thehusband to act as the child's father and to anticipate that his parent-child relationship wouldcontinue. See In re Marriage of Schlam, 271 Ill. App. 3d 788, 794 (1995).

In the instant case, equitable estoppel cannot apply because no action on the part ofrespondent can confer standing on petitioner to seek custody. The issue here is not a jointcustody agreement but whether the parties' marriage complies with Illinois law or is incontravention of it. Inasmuch as the parties' marriage was void ab initio, there is nothing in thelaw which prohibits respondent from raising that invalidity. It would be illogical to hold thatbecause petitioner and respondent agreed to enter into a marriage prohibited under Illinois law,the state is now obliged to recognize that illegal union and all that flows therefrom simply becauserespondent participated and acquiesced in it.

Laches is the neglect or omission on the part of a complainant to assert a right, taken inconjunction with a lapse of time and other circumstances causing prejudice to any adverse party. Lincoln-Way Community High School District 210 v. Village of Frankfort, 51 Ill. App. 3d 602,611 (1977). The necessary elements of laches are delay and prejudice. Lincoln-Way, 51 Ill. App.3d at 611. The statute of limitations found in the Parentage Act of 1984 to which petitioner refersis found in section 8. 750 ILCS 45/8 (West 2002). That section provides that a party who bringsan action to declare the nonexistence of the parent and child relationship shall be barred if broughtlater than two years after the petitioner obtains knowledge of relevant facts. 750 ILCS 45/8(a)(3)(West 2002).

Petitioner cannot avail himself of any of these theories because he, not respondent, hasbrought this action. Once the action was filed, respondent could raise whatever defenses shedeemed appropriate or legally sound. We know of no case law which stands for the propositionthat a respondent is estopped from raising defenses due to laches or the statute of limitations. Therefore, petitioner's arguments under estoppel, laches and the statute of limitations must fail. The minor child argues that he was the intended third-party beneficiary of the contractentered into between petitioner and respondent and, therefore, has a right to sue under thatcontract even though he is never a party to it.

A third-party beneficiary may sue under a contract even when not a party to it, providedthe benefit of the contract is directed to him, as opposed to being merely incidental. GallagherCorp. v. Russ, 309 Ill. App. 3d 192, 199-200 (1999). It must appear from the language of thecontract when properly construed that the contract was made for the direct benefit of the thirdperson and that the benefit was not merely incidental. Midwest Concrete Products Co. v. La SalleNational Bank, 94 Ill. App. 3d 394, 396 (1981). The argument is that the minor child is the third-party beneficiary under the artificial insemination agreement, particularly in light of the fact thatrespondent entered into it and acknowledged that the child would be considered petitioner's heir. However, since we have already determined that the agreement is invalid, there can be no contractto enforce, and the minor child cannot be construed as a third-party beneficiary to an invalid, non-existent contract.

Additionally, the Public Guardian argues that the trial court's decision violates the minorchild's right to equal protection of the laws under both the Illinois and United StatesConstitutions. He maintains that the child, as an artificially inseminated child born into an invalidsame-sex marriage, is being denied parentage while almost all other children are not.

The Public Guardian cites Stanley v. Illinois, 405 U.S. 645, 31 L. Ed. 2d 551, 92 S. Ct.1208 (1972), where the United States Supreme Court held that all parents, whether married orunmarried, male or female, are constitutionally entitled to a hearing on their fitness before theirchildren could be removed from their custody. Illinois law had previously presumed that unwedfathers were unsuitable and neglectful parents, which the Supreme Court found violated dueprocess. Stanley, 405 U.S. at 650, 31 L. Ed. 2d at 551, 92 S. Ct. at 1212. The Supreme Court,however, has never determined whether a child has a liberty interest symmetrical with that of anatural parent in maintaining his current relationship. Michael H. v. Gerald D., 491 U.S. 110,130, 105 L. Ed. 2d 91, 110-11, 109 S. Ct. 2333, 2346 (1989). Attempts to assert such a right onbehalf of children who have become psychologically attached to a nonparent have not met withsuccess in other jurisdictions. See, e.g., In re Clausen, 442 Mich. 648, 502 N.W.2d 649 (1993). Moreover, the Illinois Supreme Court has specifically held that no such liberty interest exists withrespect to a child's psychological attachment to a nonbiological parent. See In re Petition ofKirchner, 164 Ill. 2d 468 (1995). Accordingly, the Public Guardian's argument here must fail.

Both petitioner and the Public Guardian were granted permission to cite additionalauthority subsequent to oral argument. They cited the recent supreme court case of People exrel. Department of Public Aid v. Smith, 212 Ill. 2d 389 (2004), in support of their position that afather's acknowledgment of paternity is conclusive under the Parentage Act of 1984. In that case,two days after the child was born, Smith executed a voluntary acknowledgment of paternity. Subsequently, Smith learned through DNA testing that the child was not his biological child. Smith then brought an action to declare the nonexistence of the parent-child relationship under theParentage Act of 1984. The State's motion to dismiss the action was granted by the trial court,which this court reversed. The supreme court affirmed the trial court's holding, finding that undersection 6(d) of the Parentage Act of 1984 (750 ILCS 45/6(d) (West 2002)), a signedacknowledgment of paternity may be challenged in court only on the basis of fraud, duress, ormaterial mistake of fact. Smith, 212 Ill. 2d at 405. The court found that Smith'sacknowledgment of paternity was not rebuttable. Smith, 212 Ill. 2d at 406.

Petitioner and the Public Guardian maintain that Smith supports their contention thatrespondent's acknowledgment of petitioner's paternity in the artificial insemination agreement isconclusive. We disagree and, therefore, reject their argument based upon our previousdetermination that the artificial insemination agreement was invalid since petitioner has never beena husband within the meaning of the statute.

Accordingly, based upon the foregoing analysis, the judgment of the circuit court isaffirmed.

Affirmed.

KARNEZIS, P.J., and HARTMAN, J., concur.

1. Throughout this opinion, we shall refer to petitioner as "He." This is done out of respectfor petitioner and has no legal significance.