§ 839. Art. 39. Sessions
(a)
At any time after the service of charges which have been referred for trial to a court-martial composed of a military judge and members, the military judge may, subject to section
835 of this title (article 35), call the court into session without the presence of the members for the purpose of—
(1)
hearing and determining motions raising defenses or objections which are capable of determination without trial of the issues raised by a plea of not guilty;
(2)
hearing and ruling upon any matter which may be ruled upon by the military judge under this chapter, whether or not the matter is appropriate for later consideration or decision by the members of the court;
(3)
if permitted by regulations of the Secretary concerned, holding the arraignment and receiving the pleas of the accused; and
(4)
performing any other procedural function which may be performed by the military judge under this chapter or under rules prescribed pursuant to section
836 of this title (article 36) and which does not require the presence of the members of the court.
(b)
Proceedings under subsection (a) shall be conducted in the presence of the accused, the defense counsel, and the trial counsel and shall be made a part of the record. These proceedings may be conducted notwithstanding the number of members of the court and without regard to section
829 of this title (article 29). If authorized by regulations of the Secretary concerned, and if at least one defense counsel is physically in the presence of the accused, the presence required by this subsection may otherwise be established by audiovisual technology (such as videoteleconferencing technology).
(c)
When the members of a court-martial deliberate or vote, only the members may be present. All other proceedings, including any other consultation of the members of the court with counsel or the military judge, shall be made a part of the record and shall be in the presence of the accused, the defense counsel, the trial counsel, and, in cases in which a military judge has been detailed to the court, the military judge.
(d)
The findings, holdings, interpretations, and other precedents of military commissions under chapter
47A of this title—