§ 1522. Research and development
(a)
Definition of policy
In this section, the term “policy” means a policy, plan of insurance, provision of a policy or plan of insurance, and related materials.
(b)
Reimbursement of research, development, and maintenance costs
(1)
Research and development payment
(2)
Advance payments
(B)
Procedures
The Board shall establish procedures for approving advance payment of reasonable research and development costs to applicants.
(C)
Concept proposal
As a condition of eligibility for advance payments, an applicant shall submit a concept proposal for the policy that the applicant plans to submit to the Board under section
1508
(h) of this title, consistent with procedures established by the Board for submissions under subparagraph (B), including—
(i)
a summary of the qualifications of the applicant, including any prior concept proposals and submissions to the Board under section
1508
(h) of this title and, if applicable, any work conducted under this section;
(iii)
a description of the need for the policy, the marketability of and expected demand for the policy among affected producers, and the potential impact of the policy on producers and the crop insurance delivery system;
(D)
Review
(i)
Experts
If the requirements of subparagraph (B) and (C) are met, the Board may submit a concept proposal described in subparagraph (C) to not less than 2 independent expert reviewers, whose services are appropriate for the type of concept proposal submitted, to assess the likelihood that the proposed policy being developed will result in a viable and marketable policy, as determined by the Board.
(E)
Approval
The Board may approve up to 50 percent of the projected total research and development costs to be paid in advance to an applicant, in accordance with the procedures developed by the Board for the making of such payments, if, after consideration of the reviewer reports described in subparagraph (D) and such other information as the Board determines appropriate, the Board determines that—
(i)
the concept, in good faith, will likely result in a viable and marketable policy consistent with section
1508
(h) of this title;
(ii)
in the sole opinion of the Board, the concept, if developed into a policy and approved by the Board, would provide crop insurance coverage—
(G)
Final payment
(i)
Approved policies
If a policy is submitted under subparagraph (F) and approved by the Board under section
1508
(h) of this title and the procedures established by the Board (including procedures established under subparagraph (B)), the applicant shall be eligible for a payment of reasonable research and development costs in the same manner as policies reimbursed under paragraph (1)(B), less any payments made pursuant to subparagraph (E).
(H)
Policy not submitted
If an applicant receives an advance payment and fails to fulfill the obligation of the applicant to the Board by not submitting a completed submission without just cause and in accordance with the procedures established under subparagraph (B)) [1], including notice and reasonable opportunity to respond, as determined by the Board, the applicant shall return to the Board the amount of the advance plus interest.
(3)
Marketability
The Corporation shall approve a reimbursement under paragraph (1) only after determining that the policy is marketable based on a reasonable marketing plan, as determined by the Board.
(4)
Maintenance payments
(A)
Requirement
The Corporation shall reimburse maintenance costs associated with the annual cost of underwriting for a policy described in paragraphs [2] (1).
(B)
Duration
Payments with respect to maintenance costs may be provided for a period of not more than four reinsurance years subsequent to Board approval for payment under this subsection.
(C)
Options for maintenance
On the expiration of the 4-year period described in subparagraph (B), the approved insurance provider responsible for maintenance of the policy may—
(D)
Fee
(i)
Amount
Subject to approval by the Board, the amount of the fee that is payable by an approved insurance provider that elects to sell the policy shall be an amount that is determined by the approved insurance provider maintaining the policy.
(c)
Research and development contracting authority
(1)
Authority
The Corporation may enter into contracts to carry out research and development to—
(2)
Underserved agricultural commodities and areas
(3)
Qualified persons
A person with experience in crop insurance or farm or ranch risk management (including a college or university, an approved insurance provider, and a trade or research organization), as determined by the Corporation, shall be eligible to enter into a contract with the Corporation under this subsection.
(4)
Types of contracts
A contract under this subsection may provide for research and development regarding new or expanded policies, including policies based on adjusted gross income, cost-of-production, quality losses, and an intermediate base program with a higher coverage and cost than catastrophic risk protection.
(5)
Use of resulting policies
The Corporation may offer any policy developed under this subsection that is approved by the Board.
(6)
Research and development priorities
The Corporation shall establish as one of the highest research and development priorities of the Corporation the development of a pasture, range, and forage program.
(7)
Study of multiyear coverage
(A)
In general
The Corporation shall contract with a qualified person to conduct a study to determine whether offering policies that provide coverage for multiple years would reduce fraud, waste, and abuse by persons that participate in the Federal crop insurance program.
(B)
Report
Not later than 1 year after June 20, 2000, the Corporation shall submit to the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate a report that describes the results of the study conducted under subparagraph (A).
(8)
Contract for revenue coverage plans
The Corporation shall enter into a contract for research and development regarding one or more revenue coverage plans that are designed to enable producers to take maximum advantage of fluctuations in market prices and thereby maximize revenue realized from the sale of an agricultural commodity. A revenue coverage plan may include the use of existing market instruments or the development of new market instruments. Not later than 15 months after June 20, 2000, the Corporation shall submit to the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate a report that describes the results of the contract entered into under this paragraph.
(9)
Contract for cost of production policy
(10)
Contracts for organic production coverage improvements
(A)
Contracts required
Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, the Corporation shall enter into 1 or more contracts for the development of improvements in Federal crop insurance policies covering crops produced in compliance with standards issued by the Department of Agriculture under the national organic program established under the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 (7 U.S.C. 6501 et seq.).
(B)
Review of underwriting risk and loss experience
(i)
Review required
(I)
In general
A contract under subparagraph (A) shall include a review of the underwriting, risk, and loss experience of organic crops covered by the Corporation, as compared with the same crops produced in the same counties and during the same crop years using nonorganic methods.
(II)
Requirements
The review shall—
(aa)
to the maximum extent practicable, be designed to allow the Corporation to determine whether significant, consistent, or systemic variations in loss history exist between organic and nonorganic production;
(ii)
Effect on premium surcharge
Unless the review under this subparagraph documents the existence of significant, consistent, and systemic variations in loss history between organic and nonorganic crops, either collectively or on an individual crop basis, the Corporation shall eliminate or reduce the premium surcharge that the Corporation charges for coverage for organic crops, as determined in accordance with the results.
(iii)
Annual updates
Beginning with the 2009 crop year, the review under this subparagraph shall be updated on an annual basis as data is accumulated by the Secretary and other sources, so that the Corporation may make determinations regarding adjustments to the surcharge in a timely manner as quickly as evolving practices and data trends allow.
(C)
Additional price election
(i)
In general
A contract under subparagraph (A) shall include the development of a procedure, including any associated changes in policy terms or materials required for implementation of the procedure, to offer producers of organic crops an additional price election that reflects actual prices received by organic producers for crops from the field (including appropriate retail and wholesale prices), as established using data collected and maintained by the Secretary or from other sources.
(ii)
Timing
The development of the procedure shall be completed in a timely manner to allow the Corporation to begin offering the additional price election for organic crops with sufficient data for the 2010 crop year.
(iii)
Expansion
The procedure shall be expanded as quickly as practicable as additional data on prices of organic crops collected by the Secretary and other sources of information becomes available, with a goal of applying this procedure to all organic crops not later than the fifth full crop year that begins after the date of enactment of Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008.
(D)
Reporting requirements
(11)
Energy crop insurance policy
(A)
Definition of dedicated energy crop
In this subsection, the term “dedicated energy crop” means an annual or perennial crop that—
(B)
Authority
The Corporation shall offer to enter into 1 or more contracts with qualified entities to carry out research and development regarding a policy to insure dedicated energy crops.
(C)
Research and development
Research and development described in subparagraph (B) shall evaluate the effectiveness of risk management tools for the production of dedicated energy crops, including policies and plans of insurance that—
(12)
Aquaculture insurance policy
(A)
Definition of aquaculture
In this subsection:
(B)
Authority
(i)
In general
As soon as practicable after the date of enactment of the Food, Conservation, and Energy Act of 2008, the Corporation shall offer to enter into 3 or more contracts with qualified entities to carry out research and development regarding a policy to insure the production of aquacultural species in aquaculture operations.
(ii)
Bivalve species
At least 1 of the contracts described in clause (i) shall address insurance of bivalve species, including—
(C)
Research and development
Research and development described in subparagraph (B) shall evaluate the effectiveness of policies and plans of insurance for the production of aquacultural species in aquaculture operations, including policies and plans of insurance that—
(13)
Poultry insurance policy
(A)
Definition of poultry
In this paragraph, the term “poultry” has the meaning given the term in section
182 of this title.
(B)
Authority
The Corporation shall offer to enter into 1 or more contracts with qualified entities to carry out research and development regarding a policy to insure commercial poultry production.
(C)
Research and development
Research and development described in subparagraph (B) shall evaluate the effectiveness of risk management tools for the production of poultry, including policies and plans of insurance that provide protection for production or revenue losses, or both, while the poultry is in production.
(14)
Apiary policies
The Corporation shall offer to enter into a contract with a qualified entity to carry out research and development regarding insurance policies that cover loss of bees.
(15)
Adjusted gross revenue policies for beginning producers
The Corporation shall offer to enter into a contract with a qualified entity to carry out research and development into needed modifications of adjusted gross revenue insurance policies, consistent with principles of actuarial sufficiency, to permit coverage for beginning producers with no previous production history, including permitting those producers to have production and premium rates based on information with similar farming operations.
(16)
Skiprow cropping practices
(A)
In general
The Corporation shall offer to enter into a contract with a qualified entity to carry out research into needed modifications of policies to insure corn and sorghum produced in the Central Great Plains (as determined by the Agricultural Research Service) through use of skiprow cropping practices.
(B)
Research
Research described in subparagraph (A) shall—
(i)
review existing research on skiprow cropping practices and actual production history of producers using skiprow cropping practices; and
(d)
Partnerships for risk management development and implementation
(1)
Purpose
The purpose of this subsection is to authorize the Corporation to enter into partnerships with public and private entities for the purpose of increasing the availability of loss mitigation, financial, and other risk management tools for producers, with a priority given to risk management tools for producers of agricultural commodities covered by section
7333 of this title, specialty crops, and underserved agricultural commodities.
(2)
Authority
The Corporation may enter into partnerships with the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, the Agricultural Research Service, the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, and other appropriate public and private entities with demonstrated capabilities in developing and implementing risk management and marketing options for producers of specialty crops and underserved agricultural commodities.
(3)
Objectives
The Corporation may enter into a partnership under paragraph (2)—
(A)
to enhance the notice and timeliness of notice of weather conditions that could negatively affect crop yields, quality, and final product use in order to allow producers to take preventive actions to increase end product profitability and marketability and to reduce the possibility of crop insurance claims;
(B)
to develop a multifaceted approach to pest management and fertilization to decrease inputs, decrease environmental exposure, and increase application efficiency;
(C)
to develop or improve techniques for planning, breeding, planting, growing, maintaining, harvesting, storing, shipping, and marketing that will address quality and quantity challenges associated with year-to-year and regional variations;
(D)
to clarify labor requirements and assist producers in complying with requirements to better meet the physically intense and time-compressed planting, tending, and harvesting requirements associated with the production of specialty crops and underserved agricultural commodities;
(E)
to provide assistance to State foresters or equivalent officials for the prescribed use of burning on private forest land for the prevention, control, and suppression of fire;
(e)
Funding
(3)
Unused funding
If the Corporation determines that the amount available to provide either reimbursement payments or contract payments under this section for a fiscal year is not needed for such purposes, the Corporation may use—
[1] So in original. The second closing parenthesis probably should not appear.
[2] So in original. Probably should be “paragraph”.
[3] So in original. Probably should be followed by a period.