CHAPTER 31 - SOUTH CAROLINA NONPROFIT CORPORATION ACT
Title 33 - Corporations, Partnerships and Associations
CHAPTER 31.
SOUTH CAROLINA NONPROFIT CORPORATION ACT
ARTICLE 1.
GENERAL PROVISIONS
SECTION 33-31-101. Short title.
This chapter may be cited as the South Carolina Nonprofit Corporation Act of 1994.
SECTION 33-31-102. Reservation of power to amend or repeal.
The General Assembly of South Carolina has power to amend or repeal all or any part of Chapter 31, Title 33 at any time, and all domestic and foreign corporations subject to Chapter 31 of this title are governed by the amendment or repeal.
SECTION 33-31-120. Filing requirements.
(a) A document must satisfy the requirements of this section, and of any other section that adds to or varies these requirements, to be entitled to filing by the Secretary of State.
(b) This chapter must require or permit filing the document in the office of the Secretary of State.
(c) The document must contain the information required by this chapter. It may contain other information as well.
(d) The document must be in a medium and form as permitted by the Secretary of State.
(e) The document must be in the English language. However, a corporate name need not be in English if written in English letters or Arabic or Roman numerals, and the certificate of existence required of foreign corporations need not be in English if accompanied by a reasonably authenticated English translation.
(f) The document must be executed:
(1) by the presiding officer of its board of directors of a domestic or foreign corporation, its president, or by another of its officers;
(2) if directors have not been selected or the corporation has not been formed by an incorporator; or
(3) if the corporation is in the hands of a receiver, trustee, or other court-appointed fiduciary, by that fiduciary.
(g) The person executing a document shall sign it and state beneath or opposite the signature his or her name and the capacity in which he or she signs. The document may, but need not, contain:
(1) the corporate seal;
(2) an attestation by the Secretary or an assistant secretary; or
(3) an acknowledgement, verification, or proof.
(h) If the Secretary of State has prescribed a mandatory form for a document under Section 33-31-121, the document must be in or on the prescribed form.
(i) The document must be delivered to the office of the Secretary of State for filing and must be accompanied by one exact or conformed copy, except as provided in Sections 33-31-503 and 33-31-1509, the correct filing fee, and any franchise tax, license fee, or penalty required by this chapter or other law.
SECTION 33-31-121. Forms.
(a) The Secretary of State may prescribe and furnish on request forms for:
(1) an application for a certificate of existence;
(2) a foreign corporation's application for a certificate of authority to transact business in South Carolina;
(3) a foreign corporation's application for a certificate of withdrawal; and
(4) the notice of change of principal office. If the Secretary of State so requires, use of these forms is mandatory.
The Secretary of State through regulation may prescribe a mandatory form with regard to any other forms required or permitted by Chapter 31, Title 33 to be filed in his office. All mandatory forms must comply with the statutory requirements contained in Chapter 31.
(b) The Secretary of State may prescribe and furnish on request forms for other documents required or permitted to be filed by this chapter, but their use is not mandatory.
SECTION 33-31-122. Filing, service, and copying fees.
(a) The Secretary of State shall collect the following fees when the documents described in this subsection are delivered for filing:
(1) Articles of incorporation $25.00
(2) Application for use of indistinguishable name $10.00
(3) Application for reserved name $10.00
(4) Notice of transfer of reserved name $ 3.00
(5) Application for registered name $10.00
(6) Application for renewal of registered name $10.00
(7) Corporation's statement of change of registered agent or $10.00
registered office or both
(8) Agent's statement of change of registered office for each $ 2.00
affected corporation
(9) Agent's statement of resignation $ 3.00
(10) Amendment of articles of incorporation $10.00
(11) Restatement of articles of incorporation with amendments $10.00
(12) Articles of merger $10.00
(13) Articles of dissolution $10.00
(14) Articles of revocation of dissolution $10.00
(15) Certificate of administrative dissolution No Fee
(16) Application for reinstatement following administrative $25.00
dissolution
(17) Certificate of reinstatement No Fee
(18) Certificate of judicial dissolution No Fee
(19) Application for certificate of authority $10.00
(20) Application for amended certificate of authority $10.00
(21) Application for certificate of withdrawal $10.00
(22) Certificate of revocation of authority to transact business No Fee
(23) Notice of change of principle office $10.00
(24) Articles of correction $10.00
(25) Application for certificate of existence or authorization $10.00
(26) Notification by existing corporation $10.00
(27) Irrevocable election to be governed $25.00
(28) Any other document required or permitted to be filed by this $10.00
chapter
(b) The Secretary of State shall collect a fee of ten dollars each time process is served on him under Chapter 31 of this title. The party to a proceeding causing service of process is entitled to recover this fee as costs if he prevails in the proceeding.
(c) The Secretary of State shall collect the following fees for copying and certifying the copy of any filed document relating to a domestic or foreign corporation:
(1) for copying, one dollar for the first page and fifty cents for each additional page; and
(2) two dollars for the certificate.
SECTION 33-31-123. Effective date of document.
(a) Except as provided in subsection (b), a document is effective:
(1) at the time of filing on the date it is filed, as evidenced by the Secretary of State's endorsement on the original document; or
(2) at the time specified in the document as its effective time on the date it is filed.
(b) A document may specify a delayed effective time and date and if it does so the document becomes effective at the time and date specified. If a delayed effective date but no time is specified, the document is effective at the close of business on that date. A delayed effective date for a document may not be later than the ninetieth day after the date filed.
SECTION 33-31-124. Correcting filed document.
(a) A domestic or foreign corporation may correct a document filed by the Secretary of State if the document:
(1) contains an incorrect statement; or
(2) was defectively executed, attested, sealed, verified, or acknowledged.
(b) A document is corrected:
(1) by preparing articles of correction that:
(i) describe the document, including its filing date, or attach a copy of it to the articles;
(ii) specify the incorrect statement and the reason it is incorrect or the manner in which the execution was defective; and
(iii) correct the incorrect statement or defective execution; and
(2) by delivering the articles of correction to the Secretary of State.
(c) Articles of correction are effective on the effective date of the document they correct except as to persons relying on the uncorrected document and adversely affected by the correction. As to those persons, articles of correction are effective when filed.
SECTION 33-31-125. Filing duty of the Secretary of State.
(a) If a document delivered to the office of the Secretary of State for filing satisfies the requirements of Section 33-31-120, the Secretary of State shall file it.
(b) The Secretary of State files a document by stamping or otherwise endorsing "filed", together with his name and official title and date and time of receipt, on both the original and document copy, together with a further endorsement that the document is a true copy of the original document. After filing a document, except as provided in Sections 33-31-503 and 33-31-1510, the Secretary of State shall deliver the document copy to the domestic or foreign corporation or its representative and the document copy must be retained as part of the permanent records of the corporation.
(c) Upon refusing to file a document, the Secretary of State shall return it to the domestic or foreign corporation or its representative within five days after the document was delivered, together with a brief, written explanation of the reason or reasons for the refusal.
(d) The Secretary of State's duty to file documents under this section is ministerial. His filing or refusing to file a document does not:
(1) affect the validity or invalidity of the document in whole or in part;
(2) relate to the correctness or incorrectness of information contained in the document; or
(3) except as provided in Section 33-31-127, create a presumption that the document is valid or invalid or that information contained in the document is correct or incorrect.
SECTION 33-31-126. Appeal from Secretary of State's refusal to file document.
(a) If the Secretary of State refuses to file a document delivered for filing to the Secretary of State's office, the domestic or foreign corporation may appeal the refusal to the court of common pleas for Richland County. The appeal is commenced by petitioning the court to compel filing the document and by attaching to the petition the document and the Secretary of State's explanation of the refusal to file.
(b) The court may summarily order the Secretary of State to file the document or take other action the court considers appropriate.
(c) The court's final decision may be appealed as in other civil proceedings.
SECTION 33-31-127. Evidentiary effect of copy of filed document.
A certificate attached to a copy of a document filed by the Secretary of State, bearing his signature, which may be in facsimile, and the seal of this State, is conclusive evidence that the original document is on file with the Secretary of State and must be taken and received in all courts, public offices, official bodies, and in all proceedings as prima facie evidence of the facts therein stated.
SECTION 33-31-128. Certificate of existence.
(a) A person may apply to the Secretary of State to furnish a certificate of existence for a domestic corporation or certificate of authorization for a foreign corporation.
(b) The certificate of existence or authorization sets forth:
(1) the domestic corporation's corporate name or the foreign corporation's corporate name used in this State;
(2) that (i) the domestic corporation is duly incorporated under the law of this State, the date of its incorporation, and the period of its duration if less than perpetual; or (ii) that the foreign corporation is authorized to transact business in this State;
(3) that all fees, taxes, and penalties owed to the Secretary of State have been paid;
(4) that the Secretary of State has not mailed notice to the corporation pursuant to either Section 33-31-1421 or 33-31-1531 that the corporation is subject to being dissolved or its authority revoked;
(5) that articles of dissolution have not been filed; and
(6) other facts of record in the office of the Secretary of State that may be requested by the applicant.
(c) Subject to any qualification stated in the certificate, a certificate of existence or authorization issued by the Secretary of State may be relied upon as conclusive evidence that the domestic or foreign corporation is in existence or is authorized to transact business in this State.
SECTION 33-31-129. Penalty for signing false document
(a) A person commits an offense if he signs a document he knows is false in any material respect, including an omission of a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading, with intent that the document be delivered to the Secretary of State for filing.
(b) An offense under this section is a misdemeanor punishable by a fine of not to exceed five hundred dollars.
(c) A person who violates subsection (a) is liable to any person who is damaged by the violation.
SECTION 33-31-130. Powers.
The Secretary of State has the power reasonably necessary to perform the duties required of the Secretary of State's office by this chapter.
SECTION 33-31-140. Definitions.
Unless the context otherwise requires;
(1) "Approved by the members" or "approval by the members" means approved or ratified by the members entitled to vote on the issue through either:
(a) the affirmative vote of a majority of the votes of the members represented and voting at a duly held meeting at which a quorum is present or the affirmative vote of the greater proportion including the votes of any required proportion of the members of any class as the articles, bylaws, or this chapter may provide for specified types of member action; or
(b) a written ballot or written consent in conformity with this chapter.
(2) "Articles of incorporation" or "articles" include amended and restated articles of incorporation and articles of merger.
(3) "Board" or "board of directors" means the individual or individuals vested with overall management of the affairs of the domestic or foreign corporation, irrespective of the name by which the individual or individuals are designated, except that no individual or group of individuals is the board of directors because of powers delegated to that individual or group pursuant to Section 33-31-801(c).
(4) "Bylaws" means the code or codes of rules, other than the articles, adopted pursuant to this chapter for the regulation or management of the affairs of the corporation irrespective of the name or names by which the rules are designated.
(5) "Class" refers to a group of memberships which have the same rights with respect to voting, dissolution, redemption, and transfer. For the purpose of this section, rights are considered the same if they are determined by a formula applied uniformly.
(6) "Conspicuous" means so written that a reasonable person against whom the writing is to operate should have noticed it. For example, printing in italics or boldface or contrasting color or typing in capitals or underlined is conspicuous.
(7) "Corporation" means public benefit, mutual benefit, and religious corporation.
(8) "Delegates" means those persons elected or appointed to vote in a representative assembly for the election of a director or directors or on other matters.
(9) "Deliver" includes mail.
(10) "Directors" means natural persons, designated in the charter or bylaws or elected by the incorporators, and their successors and natural persons elected or appointed to act as members of the board, irrespective of the names or titles by which these persons are described.
(11) "Distribution" means the direct or indirect transfer of assets or any part of the income or profit of a corporation to its members, directors, or officers. The term does not include:
(a) the payment of compensation in a reasonable amount to its members, directors, or officers for services rendered;
(b) conferring benefits on its members in conformity with its purposes; or
(c) repayment of debt obligations in the normal and ordinary course of conducting activities.
(12) "Domestic corporation" means a corporation.
(13) "Effective date of notice" is defined in Section 33-31-141.
(14) "Employee" includes an officer but not a director. A director may accept duties that make him also an employee.
(15) "Entity" includes corporation and foreign corporation; business corporation and foreign business corporation; profit and nonprofit unincorporated association; corporation sole; business trust, estate partnership, trust, and two or more persons having a joint or common economic interest; and state, United States, and foreign government.
(16) "File", "filed", or "filing" means filed in the office of the Secretary of State.
(17) "Foreign corporation" means a corporation organized under a law other than the law of this State which would be a nonprofit corporation if formed under the laws of this State.
(18) "Governmental subdivision" includes authority, county, district, and municipality.
(19) "Includes" denotes a partial definition.
(20) "Individual" includes the estate of an incompetent individual.
(21) "Internal Revenue Code" means the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or any future federal tax code or succeeding statute of like tenor and effect, and any reference to a section of the Internal Revenue Code also shall mean the corresponding section of any future federal tax code.
(22) "Means" denotes a complete definition.
(23)(a) "Member" means a person entitled, pursuant to a domestic or foreign corporation's articles or bylaws, without regard to what a person is called in the articles or bylaws, to vote on more than one occasion for the election of a director or directors or any other matter which under the terms of this chapter requires approval by the members.
(b) A person is not a member by virtue of any of the following:
(A) any rights the person has as a delegate;
(B) any rights the person has to designate or appoint a director or directors; or
(C) any rights the person has as a director.
(24) "Membership" refers to the rights and obligations a member has pursuant to a corporation's articles, bylaws, and this chapter.
(25) "Mutual benefit corporation" means a domestic corporation which either is formed as a mutual benefit corporation pursuant to Sections 33-31-201 through 33-31-207, is designated a mutual benefit corporation by a statute, or does not come within the definition of public benefit or religious corporation.
(26) "Notice" is defined in Section 33-31-141.
(27) "Person" includes any individual or entity.
(28) "Principal office" means the office, in or out of this State, so designated in the articles of incorporation, application for certificate of authority, or in a notice of change of principal office filed pursuant to either Section 33-31-505 or 33-31-1515 where the principal office of a domestic or foreign corporation is located.
(29) "Proceeding" includes civil suit and criminal, administrative, and investigatory action.
(30) "Public benefit corporation" means a domestic corporation which is formed as a public benefit corporation pursuant to Sections 33-31-201 through 33-31-207 or is required to be a public benefit corporation pursuant to Section 33-31-1707.
(31) "Record date" means the date established under Sections 33-31-601 through 33-31-640 or Sections 33-31-701 through 33-31-730 on which a corporation determines the identity of its members and their membership rights for the purposes of this chapter. The determinations must be made as of the time of close of transactions on the record date unless another time for doing so is specified at the time the record date is fixed.
(32) "Religious corporation" means a domestic corporation which is formed as a religious corporation pursuant to Sections 33-31-201 through 33-31-207 or is required to be a religious corporation pursuant to Section 33-31-1707.
(33) "Secretary" means the corporate officer to whom the board of directors has delegated responsibility under Section 33-31-840(b) for custody of the minutes of the directors' and members' meetings and for authenticating the records of the corporation.
(34) "State", when referring to a part of the United States, includes a state and commonwealth, and their agencies and governmental subdivisions, and a territory, and insular possession, and their agencies and governmental subdivisions of the United States.
(35) "United States" includes district, authority, bureau, commission, department, and any other agency of the United States.
(36) "Vote" includes authorization by written ballot and written consent.
(37) "Voting power" means the total number of votes entitled to be cast on the issue at the time the determination of voting power is made, excluding a vote which is contingent upon the happening of a condition or event which has not occurred at the time. Where a class is entitled to vote as a class for directors, the determination of voting power of the class must be based on the percentage of the number of directors the class is entitled to elect out of the total number of authorized directors.
SECTION 33-31-141. Notice.
(a) Notice may be oral or written.
(b) Notice may be communicated in person; by telephone, telegraph, teletype, facsimile transmission (FAX), or other form of wire or wireless communication; or by mail or private carrier. If these forms of personal notice are impracticable, notice may be communicated by a newspaper of general circulation in the area where published; or by radio, television, or other form of public broadcast communications.
(c) Oral notice is permissible if reasonable under the circumstances and is effective when communicated if communicated in a comprehensible manner. Oral notice also includes notice through broadcast transmission.
(d) Written notice, if in a comprehensible form, is effective at the earliest or the following:
(1) when received;
(2) five days after its deposit in the United States mail, if mailed correctly addressed and with first class postage affixed;
(3) on the date shown on the return receipt, if sent by registered or certified mail, return receipt requested, and the receipt is signed by or on behalf of the addressee;
(4) fifteen days after its deposit in the United States mail, if mailed correctly addressed and with other than first class, registered, or certified postage affixed.
(e) Written notice is correctly addressed to a member of a domestic or foreign corporation if addressed to the member's address shown in the corporation's current list of members.
(f) A written notice or report delivered as part of a newsletter, magazine or other publication regularly sent to members constitutes a written notice or report if addressed or delivered to the member's address shown in the corporation's current list of members, or in the case of members who are residents of the same household and who have the same address in the corporation's current list of members, if addressed or delivered to one of such members, at the address appearing on the current list of members.
(g) Written notice is correctly addressed to a domestic or foreign corporation, authorized to transact business in this State, other than in its capacity as a member, if addressed to its registered agent or to its secretary at its principal office shown in its most recent Notice of Change of Principal Office and if none has been filed, in its articles of incorporation or application for certificate of authority.
(h) If Section 33-31-705(b) or any other provision of this chapter prescribes notice requirements for particular circumstances, those requirements govern. If articles or bylaws prescribe notice requirements, not inconsistent with this section or other provisions of this chapter, those requirements govern.
SECTION 33-31-150. Private foundations.
Except where otherwise determined by a court of competent jurisdiction, a corporation that is a private foundation as defined in Section 509(a) of the Internal Revenue Code:
(a) shall distribute such amounts for each taxable year at such time and in such manner as not to subject the corporation to tax under Section 4942 of the Internal Revenue Code;
(b) may not engage in any act of self-dealing as defined in Section 4941(d) of the Internal Revenue Code;
(c) may not retain any excess business holdings as defined in Section 4943(c) of the Internal Revenue Code;
(d) may not make any taxable expenditures as defined in Section 4944 of the Internal Revenue Code;
(e) may not make any taxable expenditures as defined in Section 4945(d) of the Internal Revenue Code.
SECTION 33-31-151. Express amendment excluding application of Section 33-31-150.
A corporation may amend its articles of incorporation expressly to include the application of Section 33-31-150, or any portion of that section.
SECTION 33-31-152. Rights of State are not impaired.
Nothing in Sections 33-31-150, 33-31-151, 62-7-405(f), and 62-7-405(g) impairs the rights and powers of the courts or the Attorney General of this State with respect to a corporation.
SECTION 33-31-155. Authority to dispose of assets from a dissolved nonprofit corporation or eleemosynary organization.
(A) Persons serving as directors or trustees at the time of dissolution of a nonprofit corporation or eleemosynary organization created pursuant to Section 33-31-10 and located in Florence County for the public good other than religious purposes are invested with the authority to dispose of any remaining assets of the corporation by resolution pursuant to the requirements of this section.
(B) The corporation's charter does not have to be reinstated for the disposition of such assets.
(C) The directors or trustees must call a special meeting for the limited purpose of disposing of the corporate assets remaining after dissolution. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a quorum shall not be required for the conducting of the special meeting. Notice of such meeting must be published in a newspaper of general circulation, in the county in which the organization was perfected, for a period of one week prior to the meeting date.
(D) The assets may only be disposed of if a majority of the directors or trustees present and voting cast a favorable majority for such disposition. The assets must be distributed in such a manner to ensure their continued use for public and civic purposes.
(E) If persons serving as directors or trustees at the time of dissolution are deceased or have not taken action to dispose of assets of a dissolved nonprofit eleemosynary organization within five years of dissolution, any remaining assets escheat to the general fund of the State.
SECTION 33-31-160. Judicial relief.
(a) If for any reason it is impractical or impossible for a corporation to call or conduct a meeting of its members, delegates, or directors, or otherwise obtain their consent, in the manner prescribed by its articles, bylaws, or this chapter, then upon petition of a director, officer, delegate, member, or the Attorney General, the court of common pleas for the county in which the principal office designated on the last filed notice of change of principal office, articles, or application for authority to transact business is located, or if none within South Carolina, then the Richland County Court of Common Pleas, may order that such a meeting be called or that a written ballot or other form of obtaining the vote of members, delegates, or directors be authored, in such a manner as the court finds fair and equitable under the circumstances.
(b) The court, in an order issued pursuant to this section, shall provide for a method of notice reasonably designed to give actual notice to all persons who would be entitled to notice of a meeting held pursuant to the articles, bylaws, and this chapter, whether or not the method results in actual notice to all such persons or conforms to the notice requirements that would otherwise apply. In a proceeding under this section, the court may determine who the members or directors are.
(c) The order issued pursuant to this section may dispense with any requirement relating to the holding of or voting at meetings or obtaining votes, including any requirement as to quorums or as to the number or percentage of votes needed for approval, that would otherwise be imposed by the articles, bylaws, or this chapter.
(d) Whenever practical, any order issued pursuant to this section shall limit the subject matter of meetings or other forms of consent authorized to items, including amendments to the articles or bylaws, the resolution of which will or may enable the corporation to continue managing its affairs without further resort to this section. However, an order under this section may also authorize the obtaining of whatever votes and approvals are necessary for the dissolution, merger, or sale of assets.
(e) Any meeting or other method of obtaining the vote of members, delegates, or directors conducted pursuant to an order issued under this section and that complies with all the provisions of such order, is a valid meeting or vote, as the case may be, and has the same force and effect as if it complied with every requirement imposed by the articles, bylaws, and this chapter.
SECTION 33-31-170. Attorney General.
(a) The Attorney General must be given notice of the commencement of any proceeding that this chapter authorizes the Attorney General to bring but that has been commenced by another person.
(b) Whenever a provision of this chapter requires that notice be given to the Attorney General before or after commencing a proceeding or permits the Attorney General to commence a proceeding:
(1) if no proceeding has been commenced, the Attorney General may take appropriate action including, but not limited to, seeking injunctive relief;
(2) if a proceeding has been commenced by a person other than the Attorney General, the Attorney General, as of right, may intervene in the proceeding.
SECTION 33-31-171. Investigation by Attorney General authorized.
The Attorney General, or any of his assistants or representatives when authorized by the Attorney General, may make investigations into the organization, conduct, and management of a nonprofit corporation, domestic or foreign, operating in this State. Every such corporation shall permit the Attorney General or any of his authorized assistants or representatives to examine and take copies of all its books, accounts, records, minutes, letters, memoranda, documents, checks, vouchers, telegrams, articles, bylaws, and any and all other records of any such corporation as often as the Attorney General may deem it necessary to show or tend to show that the corporation has been, or is, engaged in acts or conduct in violation of its charter rights and privileges or in violation of any law of this State.
SECTION 33-31-172. Requesting permission to make examinations.
A written request must be made to the president or another officer of the nonprofit corporation at the time the Attorney General or his assistants or representatives desire to examine the affairs of the corporation, and it is the duty of the officer or his agent to immediately permit the Attorney General, or his authorized assistants or representatives, to inspect and examine any of the documents of the corporation.
SECTION 33-31-173. Use of information is restricted.
The Attorney General, or his authorized assistants or representatives, may not make public or use any document, copy, or other information derived in the course of an examination authorized by Sections 33-31-170 through 33-31-175, except in a judicial proceeding to which the State is a party or in a suit by the State to revoke the certificate of authority or cause the articles of the corporation to be forfeited or to collect penalties for a violation of the laws of this State or for the information of any officer of this State charged with the enforcement of its laws.
SECTION 33-31-174. Forfeiture of right to operate for refusing examination.
A foreign nonprofit corporation operating in this State under certificate of authority granted under the laws of this State, or any officer or agent thereof, or any domestic nonprofit corporation which fails or refuses to permit the Attorney General or his authorized assistants or representatives to examine or take copies of any of its documents as provided in Sections 33-31-170 through 33-31-175, whether they be situated within or without this State, shall forfeit its right to operate in this State and its articles of incorporation or certificate of authority shall be canceled or forfeited.
SECTION 33-31-175. Provisions are cumulative.
The provisions of Sections 33-31-170 through 33-31-175 are cumulative of all other laws now in force in this State and may not be construed as repealing any other means afforded by law for securing testimony or inquiring into the affairs of domestic or foreign nonprofit corporations.
SECTION 33-31-180. Religious corporations; Constitutional protections.
If religious doctrine governing the affairs of a religious corporation is inconsistent with the provisions of this chapter on the same subject, the religious doctrine controls to the extent required by the Constitution of the United States or the Constitution of South Carolina, or both.
ARTICLE 2.
INCORPORATION
SECTION 33-31-201. Incorporators.
One or more persons may act as the incorporator or incorporators of a corporation by delivering articles of incorporation to the Secretary of State for filing.
SECTION 33-31-202. Articles of incorporation.
(a) The articles of incorporation must set forth:
(1) a corporate name for the corporation that satisfies the requirements of Section 33-31-401;
(2) one of the following statements:
(i) This corporation is a public benefit corporation.
(ii) This corporation is a mutual benefit corporation.
(iii) This corporation is a religious corporation;
(3) the street address of the corporation's initial registered office with zip code and the name of its initial registered agent at that office;
(4) the name, address, and zip code of each incorporator;
(5) whether or not the corporation will have members;
(6) provisions not inconsistent with law regarding the distribution of assets on dissolution; and
(7) the address, including zip code, of the proposed principal office for the corporation which may be either within or outside South Carolina.
(b) Unless the articles provide otherwise, no director of the corporation is personally liable for monetary damages for breach of any duty to the corporation or members. However, this provision shall not eliminate or limit the liability of a director:
(1) for any breach of the director's duty of loyalty to the corporation or its members;
(2) for acts or omissions not in good faith or which involve intentional misconduct or a knowing violation of law;
(3) for any transaction from which a director derived an improper personal benefit; or
(4) under Sections 33-31-831 through 33-31-833.
This provision shall not eliminate or limit the liability of a director for an act or omission occurring before the date when the provision becomes effective.
(c) The articles of incorporation may set forth:
(1) the purpose for which the corporation is organized which may be, either alone or in combination with other purposes, the transaction of any lawful activity;
(2) the names, addresses, and zip codes of the individuals who are to serve as the initial directors;
(3) provisions not inconsistent with law regarding:
(i) managing and regulating the affairs of the corporation;
(ii) defining, limiting, and regulating the powers of the corporation, its board of directors, and members, or any class of members; and
(iii) the characteristics, qualifications, rights, limitations, and obligations attaching to each or any class of members;
(4) any provision that under this chapter is required or permitted to be set forth in the bylaws.
(d) Each incorporator and director named in the articles must sign the articles.
(e) The articles of incorporation need not set forth any of the corporate powers enumerated in this chapter.
SECTION 33-31-203. Incorporation.
(a) Unless a delayed effective date is specified, the corporate existence begins when the articles of incorporation are filed.
(b) The Secretary of State's filing of the articles of incorporation is conclusive proof that the incorporators satisfied all conditions precedent to incorporation except in a proceeding by the State to cancel or revoke the incorporation or involuntarily dissolve the corporation.
SECTION 33-31-204. Liability for preincorporation transactions.
All persons purporting to act as or on behalf of a corporation, knowing there was no incorporation under this chapter, are jointly and severally liable for all liabilities created while so acting except for any liability to any person who knew or reasonably should have known that there was no incorporation.
SECTION 33-31-205. Organization of corporation.
(a) After incorporation:
(1) if initial directors are named in the articles of incorporation, the initial directors shall hold an organizational meeting, at the call of a majority of the directors, to complete the organization of the corporation by appointing officers, adopting bylaws, and carrying on any other business brought before the meeting;
(2) if initial directors are not named in the articles, the incorporator or incorporators shall hold an organizational meeting at a call of a majority of the incorporators:
(i) to elect directors and complete the organization of the corporation; or
(ii) to elect a board of directors who shall complete the organization of the corporation.
(b) Action required or permitted by this chapter to be taken by incorporators at an organizational meeting may be taken without a meeting if the action taken is evidenced by one or more written consents describing the action taken and signed by each incorporator.
(c) An organizational meeting may be held in or out of this State in accordance with Section 33-31-821.
SECTION 33-31-206. Bylaws.
(a) The incorporators or board of directors of a corporation shall adopt bylaws for the corporation.
(b) The bylaws may contain any provision for regulating and managing the affairs of the corporation that is not inconsistent with law or the articles of incorporation.
SECTION 33-31-207. Emergency bylaws and powers.
(a) Unless the articles provide otherwise, the directors of a corporation may adopt, amend, or repeal bylaws to be effective only in an emergency defined in subsection (d). The emergency bylaws, which are subject to amendment or repeal by the members, may provide special procedures necessary for managing the corporation during the emergency, including:
(1) how to call a meeting of the board;
(2) quorum requirements for the meeting; and
(3) designation of additional or substitute directors.
(b) All provisions of the regular bylaws consistent with the emergency bylaws remain effective during the emergency. The emergency bylaws are not effective after the emergency ends.
(c) Corporate action taken in good faith in accordance with the emergency bylaws:
(1) binds the corporation; and
(2) may not be used to impose liability on a corporate director, officer, employee, or agent.
(d) An emergency exists for purposes of this section if a quorum of the corporation's directors cannot readily be assembled because of some catastrophic event.
(e) A corporate director, officer, employee, or agent is not liable for deviation from normal procedures if the conduct was authorized by emergency bylaws adopted as provided in this section.
ARTICLE 3.
PURPOSES
SECTION 33-31-301. Purposes.
(a) Every corporation incorporated under this chapter has the purpose of engaging in any lawful activity unless a more limited purpose is set forth in the articles of incorporation.
(b) A corporation engaging in an activity that is subject to regulation under another statute of this State may incorporate under this chapter only if incorporation under this chapter is not prohibited by the other statute. The corporation is subject to all limitations of the other statute.
SECTION 33-31-302. General powers.
Unless its articles of incorporation provide otherwise, every corporation has perpetual duration and succession in its corporate name and has the same powers as an individual to do all things necessary or convenient to carry out its affairs including, without limitation, power:
(1) to sue and be sued, complain, and defend in its corporate name;
(2) to have a corporate seal, which may be altered at will, and to use it, or a facsimile of it, by impressing or affixing or in any other manner reproducing it;
(3) to make and amend bylaws not inconsistent with its articles of incorporation or with the laws of this State for regulating and managing the affairs of the corporation;
(4) to purchase, receive, lease, or otherwise acquire, and own, hold, improve, use, and otherwise deal with, real or personal property or any legal or equitable interest in property, wherever located;
(5) to sell, convey, mortgage, pledge, lease, exchange, and otherwise dispose of all or any part of its property;
(6) to purchase, receive, subscribe for, or otherwise acquire, own, hold, vote, use, sell, mortgage, lend, pledge, or otherwise dispose of, and deal in and with, shares or other interest in or obligations of any entity;
(7) to make contracts and guaranties, incur liabilities, borrow money, issue notes, bonds, and other obligations, and secure any of its obligations by mortgage or pledge of any of its property, franchises, or income;
(8) to lend money, invest and reinvest its funds, and receive and hold real and personal property as security for repayment, except as limited by Section 33-31-832;
(9) to be a promoter, partner, trustee, member, associate, or manager of any partnership, joint venture, trust, or other entity. When acting as a trustee of a trust in which it has a beneficial interest, the corporation is not conducting a trust business with regard to that trust for purposes of Section 34-21-10;
(10) to conduct its activities, locate offices, and exercise the powers granted by this chapter within or without this State;
(11) to elect or appoint directors, officers, employees, and agents of the corporation, define their duties, and fix their compensation;
(12) to pay pensions and establish pension plans, pension trusts, and other benefit and incentive plans for any or all of its current or former directors, officers, employees, and agents;
(13) to make donations not inconsistent with law for the public welfare or for charitable, religious, scientific, or educational purposes and for other purposes that further the corporate interest;
(14) to accept gifts, devises, and bequests subject to any conditions or limitations, contained in the gift, devise, or bequest so long as the conditions or limitations are not contrary to this chapter or the purposes for which the corporation is organized;
(15) to impose dues, assessments, and admission and transfer fees upon its members;
(16) to establish conditions for admission of members, admit members, and issue memberships;
(17) to carry on a business;
(18) to do all things necessary or convenient, not inconsistent with law, to further the activities and affairs of the corporation.
SECTION 33-31-303. Emergency powers.
(a) In anticipation of or during an emergency defined in subsection (d), the board of directors of a corporation may:
(1) modify lines of succession to accommodate the incapacity of any director, officer, employee, or agent; and
(2) relocate the principal office, designate alternative principal offices or regional offices, or authorize the officer to do so.
(b) During an emergency defined in subsection (d), unless emergency bylaws provide otherwise:
(1) notice of a meeting of the board of directors need be given only to those directors it is practicable to reach and may be given in any practicable manner, including by publication and radio; and
(2) one or more officers of the corporation present at a meeting of the board of directors may be deemed to be directors for the meeting, in order of rank and within the same rank in order of seniority, as necessary to achieve a quorum.
(c) Corporate action taken in good faith during an emergency under this section to further the ordinary affairs of the corporation:
(1) binds the corporation; and
(2) may not be used to impose liability on a corporate director, officer, employee, or agent.
(d) An emergency exists for purposes of this section if a quorum of the corporation's directors cannot readily be assembled because of some catastrophic event.
(e) Corporate action taken in good faith under this section to further the affairs of the corporation during an emergency binds the corporation. A corporate director, officer, employee, or agent is not liable for deviation from normal procedures if the conduct was authorized by emergency powers provided in this chapter.
SECTION 33-31-304. Ultra vires.
(a) Except as provided in subsection (b), the validity of corporate action may not be challenged on the ground that the corporation lacks or lacked power to act.
(b) A corporation's power to act may be challenged in a proceeding against the corporation to enjoin an act where a third party has not acquired rights. The proceeding may be brought by the Attorney General, a director, or by a member or members in a derivative proceeding.
(c) A corporation's power to act may be challenged in a proceeding against an incumbent or former director, officer, employee, or agent of the corporation. The proceeding may be brought by a director, the corporation, directly, derivatively, or through a receiver, a trustee, or other legal representative, or in the case of a public benefit corporation, by the Attorney General.
SECTION 33-31-305. Powers of corporations created by legislative authority before 1900.
All charitable, social, and religious corporations validly created by legislative authority before 1900, or validly created before 1900 by the act of a city, county government, or other political subdivision, in addition to the powers theretofore granted them, have all the powers enumerated in Section 33-31-302, "Powers of Corporation".
ARTICLE 4.
NAMES
SECTION 33-31-401. Corporate name.
(a) A corporate name may not contain language stating or implying that the corporation is organized for a purpose other than that permitted by Section 33-31-301 and its articles of incorporation.
(b) Except as authorized by subsections (c) and (d), a corporate name must be distinguishable upon the records of the Secretary of State from the name appearing upon the records of the Secretary of State of any other nonprofit or business corporation, professional corporation, or limited partnership incorporated in, formed in, or authorized to do business in South Carolina, or a name reserved, registered, or otherwise filed upon the records of the Secretary of State.
(c) A corporation may apply to the Secretary of State for authorization to use a name that is not distinguishable upon the Secretary of State's records from one or more of the names described in subsection (b). The Secretary of State shall authorize use of the name applied for if:
(1) the other corporation consents to the use in writing and submits an undertaking in form satisfactory to the Secretary of State to change its name to a name that is distinguishable upon the records of the Secretary of State from the name of the applying corporation; or
(2) the applicant delivers to the Secretary of State a certified copy of a final judgment of a court of competent jurisdiction establishing the applicant's right to use the name applied for in this State.
(d) A corporation may use the name, including the fictitious name, of another domestic or foreign business or nonprofit corporation that is used in this State if the other corporation is incorporated or authorized to do business in this State and the proposed user corporation has:
(1) merged with the other corporation;
(2) been formed by reorganization of the other corporation; or
(3) acquired all or substantially all of the assets, including the corporate name, of the other corporation.
(e) Except for allowing foreign corporations to file for a certificate of authority under a fictitious name as provided in Section 33-31-1506, this chapter does not control the use of fictitious names.
(f) A corporation that converts to a nonprofit corporation pursuant to Section 33-10-110 may continue to use the same name that it used prior to the conversion.
SECTION 33-31-402. Reserved name.
(a) A person may reserve the exclusive use of a corporate name including the corporate name of a foreign corporation or its corporate name with any change required by Section 33-31-1506, by delivering an application to the Secretary of State for filing which shall set forth the name and address of the applicant and the name proposed to be reserved. Upon finding that the corporate name applied for is available, the Secretary of State shall reserve the name for the applicant's exclusive use for a nonrenewable one hundred twenty-day period.
(b) The owner of a reserved corporate name may transfer the reservation to another person by delivering to the Secretary of State a signed notice of the transfer that states the name and address of the transferee.
SECTION 33-31-403. Registered name of a foreign corporation.
(a) A foreign corporation may register its corporate name, or its corporate name with any change required by Section 33-31-1506, if the name is distinguishable upon the records of the Secretary of State from the name appearing upon the records of the Secretary of State of any other nonprofit or business corporation, professional corporation, or limited partnership incorporated in, formed in, or authorized to do business in this State, or a name reserved or registered upon the records of the Secretary of State.
(b) A foreign corporation registers its corporate name, or its corporate name with any change required by Section 33-31-1506, by delivering to the Secretary of State an application:
(1) setting forth its corporate name, or its corporate name with any change required by Section 33-31-1506, the state or country and date of its incorporation, a statement that the foreign corporation is not, and has not done business in South Carolina, and a brief description of the nature of the activities in which it is engaged; and
(2) accompanied by a certificate of existence, or a document of similar import, from the state or country of incorporation current within sixty days of delivery, duly authenticated by the official having custody of the corporation records in the state or country under whose law it is incorporated.
(c) The name is registered for the applicant's exclusive use upon the effective date of the application.
(d) A foreign corporation whose registration is effective may renew it for successive years by delivering to the Secretary of State for filing a renewal application, which complies with the requirements of subsection (b), between October first and December thirty-first of the preceding year. The renewal application renews the registration for the following calendar year.
(e) A foreign corporation whose registration is effective may qualify thereafter as a foreign corporation under that name or consent in writing to the use of that name by a corporation thereafter incorporated under this chapter or by another foreign corporation thereafter authorized to transact business in this State. The registration terminates when the domestic corporation is incorporated or the foreign corporation qualifies or consents to the qualification of another foreign corporation under the registered name.
SECTION 33-31-404. Name change filing requirement when real property owned.
(a) When either a domestic or foreign nonprofit corporation which owns real property in South Carolina changes its corporate name by amendment of its articles, by merger, or reorganization, the newly named, surviving, acquiring, or reorganized corporation must file a notice of that name change in the office of the register of deeds of the county in this State in which the real property is situate. If there is no such office in that county, a notice of name change must be filed with the clerk of court of the county in which that real property is situate.
(b) The filing must be:
(1) by affidavit executed in accordance with the provisions of Section 33-31-120 and containing the old and new names of the corporation, which affidavit also may describe the real property owned by that corporation; or,
(2) by filing a certified copy of the amended articles or articles of merger; or
(3) by a duly recorded deed of conveyance to the newly named, surviving, acquiring, or reorganized corporation.
(c) the affidavit or filed articles must be duly indexed in the index of deeds.
(d) The purpose of this section is to establish record notice under Chapter 7, Title 30. Failure to make the required filing of a corporate name change will not affect the legality, force, effect, or enforceability as between the parties of any conveyance or other transaction involving the real estate owned by the affected corporation that is made subsequent to the change in name.
ARTICLE 5.
OFFICE AND AGENTS
SECTION 33-31-501. Registered office and registered agent.
Each corporation must continuously maintain in this State:
(1) a registered office with the same address as that of the registered agent; and
(2) a registered agent, who may be:
(i) an individual who resides in this State and whose office is identical with the registered office;
(ii) a domestic business or nonprofit corporation whose office is identical with the registered office; or
(iii) a foreign business or nonprofit corporation authorized to transact business in this State whose office is identical with the registered office.
SECTION 33-31-502. Change of registered office or registered agent.
(a) A corporation may change its registered office or registered agent by delivering to the Secretary of State for filing a statement of change that sets forth:
(1) the name of the corporation;
(2) the street address, with zip code, of its current registered office;
(3) if the current registered office is to be changed, the street address, including zip code, of the new registered office;
(4) the name of its current registered agent;
(5) if the current registered agent is to be changed, the name of the new registered agent and the new agent's written consent, either on the statement or attached to it, to the appointment; and
(6) that after the change or changes are made, the street addresses of its registered office and the office of its registered agent which will be identical.
(b) If the street address of a registered agent's office is changed, the registered agent may change the street address of the registered office of any corporation for which the registered agent is the registered agent by notifying the corporation in writing of the change and by signing, either manually or in facsimile, and delivering to the Secretary of State for filing a statement that complies with the requirements of subsection (a) and recites that the corporation has been notified of the change.
SECTION 33-31-503. Resignation of registered agent.
(a) A registered agent may resign as registered agent by signing and delivering to the Secretary of State the original and two exact or conformed copies of a statement of resignation. The statement may include a statement that the registered office is discontinued also.
(b) After filing the statement the Secretary of State shall mail one copy to the registered office, if not discontinued, and the other copy to the corporation at its principal office as shown in its articles or most recently filed notice of change of principal office.
(c) The agency appointment is terminated, and the registered office discontinued if so provided, on the thirty-first day after the date on which the statement was filed.
SECTION 33-31-504. Service on corporation.
Except as otherwise specifically provided in this chapter, service of process on a nonprofit corporation must be in accord with the applicable provisions of Title 15.
SECTION 33-31-505. Notice of Change of Principal Office.
If a corporation changes the location of its principal office, the corporation within thirty days shall file a Notice of Change of Principal Office with the Secretary of State. The Notice of Change of Principal Office shall set forth:
(a) The name of the corporation; and
(b) The current street address with zip code of the corporation's principal office and the former principal office address.
ARTICLE 6.
MEMBERS AND MEMBERSHIPS
SUBARTICLE A.
ADMISSION OF MEMBERS
SECTION 33-31-601. Admission.
(a) The articles or bylaws may establish criteria or procedures for the admission of members.
(b) No person may be admitted as a member without his consent.
SECTION 33-31-602. Consideration.
Except as provided in its articles or bylaws, a corporation may admit members for no consideration or for such consideration as is determined by the board.
SECTION 33-31-603. No requirement of members.
A corporation is not required to have members.
SUBARTICLE B.
TYPES OF MEMBERSHIPS - MEMBERS' RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS
SECTION 33-31-610. Differences in rights and obligations of members.
All members have the same rights and obligations with respect to voting, dissolution, redemption, and transfer, unless the articles or bylaws establish classes of membership with different rights or obligations. All members have the same rights and obligations with respect to any other matters, except as set forth in or authorized by the articles or bylaws.
SECTION 33-31-611. Transfers.
(a) Except as set forth in or authorized by the articles or bylaws, no member of a mutual benefit corporation may transfer a membership or any right arising therefrom.
(b) No member of a public benefit or religious corporation may transfer a membership or any right arising therefrom.
(c) Where transfer rights have been provided, no restriction on them is binding with respect to a member holding a membership issued before the adoption of the restriction unless the restriction is approved by the members and the affected member.
SECTION 33-31-612. Member's liability to third parties.
A member of a corporation is not, as such, personally liable for the acts, debts, liabilities, or obligations of the corporation.
SUBARTICLE C.
RESIGNATION AND TERMINATION
SECTION 33-31-620. Resignation.
(a) A member may resign at any time.
(b) The resignation of a member does not relieve the member from any obligations the member may have to the corporation as a result of obligations incurred or commitments made before resignation.
SECTION 33-31-621. Termination, expulsion, and suspension.
(a) No member of a public benefit or mutual benefit corporation may be expelled or suspended, and no membership or memberships in such corporations may be terminated or suspended except pursuant to a procedure that is fair and reasonable and is carried out in good faith.
(b) A procedure is fair and reasonable when either:
(1) the articles or bylaws set forth a procedure that provides:
(i) not less than fifteen days prior written notice of the expulsion, suspension, or termination and the reasons therefore; and
(ii) an opportunity for the member to be heard, orally or in writing, not less than five days before the effective date of the expulsion, suspension, or termination by a person or persons authorized to decide that the proposed expulsion, termination, or suspension not take place; or
(2) it is fair and reasonable taking into consideration all of the relevant facts and circumstances.
(c) Any written notice given by mail must be given by first class or certified mail sent to the last address of the member shown on the corporation's records.
(d) A proceeding challenging an expulsion, suspension, or termination, including a proceeding in which defective notice is alleged, must be commenced within one year after the effective date of the expulsion, suspension, or termination.
(e) A member who has been expelled or suspended may be liable to the corporation for dues, assessments, or fees as a result of obligations incurred or commitments made before expulsion or suspension.
SECTION 33-31-622. Purchase of memberships.
(a) A public benefit or religious corporation may not purchase any of its memberships or any right arising therefrom.
(b) A mutual benefit corporation may purchase the membership of a member who resigns or whose membership is terminated for the amount and pursuant to the conditions set forth in or authorized by its articles or bylaws. No payment shall be made in violation of Article 13.
SUBARTICLE D.
DERIVATIVE SUITS
SECTION 33-31-630. Derivative suits.
Derivative suits may be maintained on behalf of South Carolina corporations in federal and state court in accordance with the applicable rules of civil procedure.
SUBARTICLE E.
DELEGATES
SECTION 33-31-640. Delegates.
(a) A corporation may provide in its articles or bylaws for delegates having some or all of the authority of members.
(b) The articles or bylaws may set forth provisions relating to:
(1) the characteristics, qualifications, rights, limitations, and obligations of delegates including their selection and removal;
(2) calling, noticing, holding, and conducting meetings of delegates; and
(3) carrying on corporate activities during and between meetings of delegates.
ARTICLE 7.
MEMBERS MEETINGS AND VOTING
SUBARTICLE A.
MEETINGS AND ACTION WITHOUT MEETINGS
SECTION 33-31-701. Annual and regular meetings.
(a) A corporation with members shall hold a membership meeting annually at a time stated in or fixed in accordance with the bylaws.
(b) A corporation with members may hold regular membership meetings at the times stated in or fixed in accordance with the bylaws.
(c) Annual and regular membership meetings may be held in or out of this State at the place stated in or fixed in accordance with the bylaws. If no place is stated in or fixed in accordance with the bylaws, annual and regular meetings must be held at the corporation's principal office.
(d) At the annual meeting:
(1) The president and chief financial officer shall report on the activities and fina