CHAPTER 7. OIL AND GAS: ESTATES IN LAND

IC 32-23-7
     Chapter 7. Oil and Gas: Estates in Land

IC 32-23-7-1
"Oil and gas" defined
    
Sec. 1. As used in this chapter, "oil and gas" means petroleum and mineral oils and gaseous substances of whatever character naturally lying or found beneath the surface of land.
As added by P.L.2-2002, SEC.8.

IC 32-23-7-2
"Oil and gas estate in land" defined
    
Sec. 2. As used in this chapter, "oil and gas estate in land" means the aggregate of all rights in land that affect the oil and gas in, on, under, or that may be taken from beneath the surface of the land.
As added by P.L.2-2002, SEC.8.

IC 32-23-7-3
"Operations for oil and gas" defined
    
Sec. 3. As used in this chapter, "operations for oil and gas", unless otherwise indicated by the context of this chapter, means:
        (1) the:
            (A) exploration;
            (B) testing;
            (C) surveying; or
            (D) other investigation;
        of the potential of the land for oil and gas;
        (2) the actual drilling or preparations for drilling of wells for oil and gas on the land; or
        (3) any other actions directed toward the eventual production or attempted production of oil and gas from the land.
As added by P.L.2-2002, SEC.8.

IC 32-23-7-4
"Person in interest" defined
    
Sec. 4. (a) As used in this chapter, "person in interest" means the owner of a beneficial interest in the oil and gas estate in land, whether the interest is held for life, for a term of years, or in fee.
    (b) The term includes a lessee, licensee, or duly qualified agent of the owner.
    (c) The term does not include a mortgagee or security assignee of the owner if the mortgagee or security assignee does not have a right to the control or operation of the premises for oil and gas.
As added by P.L.2-2002, SEC.8.

IC 32-23-7-5
"Surface rights" defined
    
Sec. 5. As used in this chapter, "surface rights" means all rights relating to the occupancy, user, or ownership of the surface of land affected by this chapter. As added by P.L.2-2002, SEC.8.

IC 32-23-7-6
Rights and privileges transferred
    
Sec. 6. A grant or reservation contained in an instrument that affects land in Indiana and that purports to convey or transfer an interest in the oil and gas in, on, under, or that may be produced from beneath the surface of the land transfers the following expressed rights and privileges in addition to any other rights naturally flowing from the character of the instrument in law to the named recipient:
        (1) A person in interest in the oil and gas estate in land may enter the land for the purpose of:
            (A) exploring, prospecting, testing, surveying, or otherwise investigating the land to determine the potential of the land for oil or gas production; or
            (B) otherwise conducting operations for oil and gas on the land;
        whether or not the person is also the owner, lessee, or licensee of an owner of an interest in the surface rights in the land.
        (2) A person in interest in the oil and gas estate in land in Indiana may enter the land to drill a well or test well on the land for the production or attempted production of oil and gas regardless of whether the:
            (A) person is also the owner, lessee, or licensee of an owner of an interest in the surface rights in the land; and
            (B) owner of the remaining rights in the land consents to the entrance and drilling.
        A person that drills a well under this subdivision shall provide an accounting to the remaining or nonparticipating persons in interest in the oil and gas estate in the land, for their respective proportionate shares of the net profits arising from the operations conducted upon the land for oil or gas. In calculating the profits, a reduction may not be made from the gross proceeds of the production of oil and gas, except for expenses that are reasonably or necessarily incurred in connection with the drilling, completion, equipping, and operation of the wells drilled upon the premises during the period in which the relationship of cotenancy existed between the person drilling the well and the person whose interest is sought to be charged with the respective proportionate part of the cost of the drilling.
        (3) A person who may enter and enters land in Indiana for the purpose of exploring, prospecting, testing, surveying, or otherwise investigating the potential of the land for oil and gas, or for the purpose of conducting operations on the land for the production of oil and gas, is accountable to the owner of the surface of the land for the actual damage resulting from the person's activities on the land to:
            (A) the surface of the land;
            (B) improvements to the land; or
            (C) growing crops on the land.         However, a person who enters land under this subdivision is not liable for punitive damages. This subdivision does not increase damages between a lessor and a lessee in a valid and subsisting oil and gas lease that specifies damages if damages are not due other than damages that are expressly provided by contract between cotenants or the lessees of cotenants of a like estate in the land. This section does not authorize the location of a well for oil and gas nearer than two hundred (200) feet to an existing house, barn, or other structure (except fences) without the express consent of the owner of the structure.
        (4) The right to conduct operations for oil and gas upon land located in Indiana includes the right to:
            (A) install and maintain physical equipment on the land; and
            (B) use the portion of the surface of the land that is reasonably necessary for the operations;
        subject to the payment of damages resulting from the installation only of the equipment specified in this subdivision.
As added by P.L.2-2002, SEC.8.

IC 32-23-7-7
Interests created; title; alienability
    
Sec. 7. (a) Interests in the oil and gas in, on, under, or that may be taken from beneath the surface of land located in Indiana may be created:
        (1) for life;
        (2) for a term of years; or
        (3) in fee;
in the manner and to the extent that other interests in real estate and title are created.
    (b) Title to the estates specified under subsection (a) may be vested in one (1) or more persons by:
        (1) sole ownership;
        (2) tenancy in common;
        (3) joint tenancy;
        (4) tenancy by the entireties; or
        (5) another manner recognized under Indiana law.
    (c) Interests or estates specified in this section are freely alienable, in whole or in part, in the same manner as are other interests in real estate.
As added by P.L.2-2002, SEC.8.

IC 32-23-7-8
Contract rights not limited; legislative intent; regulation of industry; construction of law
    
Sec. 8. (a) This chapter does not limit the rights of parties to contract with regard to the oil and gas estate affecting lands in Indiana:
        (1) to the extent permitted by; and
        (2) in a manner consistent with;
the nature of the estate in law as specified under this chapter.     (b) This chapter is intended to declare the law of this state with regard to the subject matter treated in this chapter as the law existed before March 5, 1951.
    (c) This chapter does not affect the rights or powers of any commission, board, or authority duly constituted for the regulation of the oil and gas industry in Indiana.
As added by P.L.2-2002, SEC.8.