Sec. 31-275. Definitions.
Sec. 31-275. Definitions. As used in this chapter, unless the context otherwise
provides:
(1) "Arising out of and in the course of his employment" means an accidental injury
happening to an employee or an occupational disease of an employee originating while
the employee has been engaged in the line of the employee's duty in the business or
affairs of the employer upon the employer's premises, or while engaged elsewhere upon
the employer's business or affairs by the direction, express or implied, of the employer,
provided:
(A) (i) For a police officer or firefighter, "in the course of his employment" encompasses such individual's departure from such individual's place of abode to duty, such
individual's duty, and the return to such individual's place of abode after duty;
(ii) For an employee of the Department of Correction, (I) when responding to a direct
order to appear at his or her work assignment under circumstances in which nonessential
employees are excused from working, or (II) following two or more mandatory overtime
work shifts on consecutive days, "in the course of his employment" encompasses such
individual's departure from such individual's place of abode directly to duty, such individual's duty, and the return directly to such individual's place of abode after duty;
(iii) Notwithstanding the provisions of clauses (i) and (ii) of this subparagraph, the
dependents of any deceased employee of the Department of Correction who was injured
in the course of his employment, as defined in this subparagraph, on or after July 1,
2000, and who died not later than July 15, 2000, shall be paid compensation on account
of the death, in accordance with the provisions of section 31-306, retroactively to the
date of the employee's death. The cost of the payment shall be paid by the employer or
its insurance carrier which shall be reimbursed for such cost from the Second Injury
Fund as provided in section 31-354 upon presentation of any vouchers and information
that the Treasurer may require;
(B) A personal injury shall not be deemed to arise out of the employment unless
causally traceable to the employment other than through weakened resistance or lowered
vitality;
(C) In the case of an accidental injury, a disability or a death due to the use of alcohol
or narcotic drugs shall not be construed to be a compensable injury;
(D) For aggravation of a preexisting disease, compensation shall be allowed only
for that proportion of the disability or death due to the aggravation of the preexisting
disease as may be reasonably attributed to the injury upon which the claim is based;
(E) A personal injury shall not be deemed to arise out of the employment if the
injury is sustained: (i) At the employee's place of abode, and (ii) while the employee
is engaged in a preliminary act or acts in preparation for work unless such act or acts
are undertaken at the express direction or request of the employer;
(F) For purposes of subparagraph (C) of this subdivision, "narcotic drugs" means
all controlled substances, as designated by the Commissioner of Consumer Protection
pursuant to subsection (c) of section 21a-243, but does not include drugs prescribed in
the course of medical treatment or in a program of research operated under the direction
of a physician or pharmacologist. For purposes of subparagraph (E) of this subdivision,
"place of abode" includes the inside of the residential structure, the garage, the common
hallways, stairways, driveways, walkways and the yard;
(G) The Workers' Compensation Commission shall adopt regulations, in accordance with the provisions of chapter 54, to implement the provisions of this section and
shall define the terms "a preliminary act", "acts in preparation for work", "departure
from place of abode directly to duty" and "return directly to place of abode after duty"
on or before January 1, 2006.
(2) "Commission" means the Workers' Compensation Commission.
(3) "Commissioner" means the compensation commissioner who has jurisdiction
in the matter referred to in the context.
(4) "Compensation" means benefits or payments mandated by the provisions of this
chapter, including, but not limited to, indemnity, medical and surgical aid or hospital and
nursing service required under section 31-294d and any type of payment for disability,
whether for total or partial disability of a permanent or temporary nature, death benefit,
funeral expense, payments made under the provisions of section 31-284b, 31-293a or
31-310, or any adjustment in benefits or payments required by this chapter.
(5) "Date of the injury" means, for an occupational disease, the date of total or
partial incapacity to work as a result of such disease.
(6) "Dependent" means a member of the injured employee's family or next of kin
who was wholly or partly dependent upon the earnings of the employee at the time of
the injury.
(7) "Dependent in fact" means a person determined to be a dependent of an injured
employee, in any case where there is no presumptive dependent, in accordance with the
facts existing at the date of the injury.
(8) "Disfigurement" means impairment of or injury to the beauty, symmetry or
appearance of a person that renders the person unsightly, misshapen or imperfect, or
deforms the person in some manner, or otherwise causes a detrimental change in the
external form of the person.
(9) (A) "Employee" means any person who:
(i) Has entered into or works under any contract of service or apprenticeship with
an employer, whether the contract contemplated the performance of duties within or
without the state;
(ii) Is a sole proprietor or business partner who accepts the provisions of this chapter
in accordance with subdivision (10) of this section;
(iii) Is elected to serve as a member of the General Assembly of this state;
(iv) Is a salaried officer or paid member of any police department or fire department;
(v) Is a volunteer police officer, whether the officer is designated as special or auxiliary, upon vote of the legislative body of the town, city or borough in which the officer
serves;
(vi) Is an elected or appointed official or agent of any town, city or borough in the
state, upon vote of the proper authority of the town, city or borough, including the elected
or appointed official or agent, irrespective of the manner in which he or she is appointed
or employed. Nothing in this subdivision shall be construed as affecting any existing
rights as to pensions which such persons or their dependents had on July 1, 1927, or as
preventing any existing custom of paying the full salary of any such person during
disability due to injury arising out of and in the course of his or her employment; or
(vii) Is an officer or enlisted person of the National Guard or other armed forces of
the state called to active duty by the Governor while performing his or her active duty
service.
(B) "Employee" shall not be construed to include:
(i) Any person to whom articles or material are given to be treated in any way on
premises not under the control or management of the person who gave them out;
(ii) One whose employment is of a casual nature and who is employed otherwise
than for the purposes of the employer's trade or business;
(iii) A member of the employer's family dwelling in his house; but, if, in any contract
of insurance, the wages or salary of a member of the employer's family dwelling in his
house is included in the payroll on which the premium is based, then that person shall,
if he sustains an injury arising out of and in the course of his employment, be deemed
an employee and compensated in accordance with the provisions of this chapter;
(iv) Any person engaged in any type of service in or about a private dwelling provided he is not regularly employed by the owner or occupier over twenty-six hours per
week;
(v) An employee of a corporation who is a corporate officer and who elects to be
excluded from coverage under this chapter by notice in writing to his employer and to
the commissioner; or
(vi) Any person who is not a resident of this state but is injured in this state during
the course of his employment, unless such person (I) works for an employer who has a
place of employment or a business facility located in this state at which such person
spends at least fifty per cent of his employment time, or (II) works for an employer
pursuant to an employment contract to be performed primarily in this state.
(10) "Employer" means any person, corporation, limited liability company, firm,
partnership, voluntary association, joint stock association, the state and any public corporation within the state using the services of one or more employees for pay, or the
legal representative of any such employer, but all contracts of employment between an
employer employing persons excluded from the definition of employee and any such
employee shall be conclusively presumed to include the following mutual agreements
between employer and employee: (A) That the employer may accept and become bound
by the provisions of this chapter by immediately complying with section 31-284; (B)
that, if the employer accepts the provisions of this chapter, the employee shall then be
deemed to accept and be bound by such provisions unless the employer neglects or
refuses to furnish immediately to the employee, on his written request, evidence of
compliance with section 31-284 in the form of a certificate from the commissioner, the
Insurance Commissioner or the insurer, as the case may be; (C) that the employee may,
at any time, withdraw his acceptance of, and become released from, the provisions of
this chapter by giving written or printed notice of his withdrawal to the commissioner
and to the employer, and the withdrawal shall take effect immediately from the time of
its service on the commissioner and the employer; and (D) that the employer may withdraw his acceptance and the acceptance of the employee by filing a written or printed
notice of his withdrawal with the commissioner and with the employee, and the withdrawal shall take effect immediately from the time of its service on the commissioner
and the employee. The notices of acceptance and withdrawal to be given by an employer
employing persons excluded from the definition of employee and the notice of withdrawal to be given by the employee, as provided in this subdivision, shall be served
upon the commissioner, employer or employee, either by personal presentation or by
registered or certified mail. In determining the number of employees employed by an
individual, the employees of a partnership of which he is a member shall not be included.
A person who is the sole proprietor of a business may accept the provisions of this
chapter by notifying the commissioner, in writing, of his intent to do so. If such person
accepts the provisions of this chapter he shall be considered to be an employer and shall
insure his full liability in accordance with subdivision (2) of subsection (b) of section
31-284. Such person may withdraw his acceptance by giving notice of his withdrawal,
in writing, to the commissioner. Any person who is a partner in a business shall be
deemed to have accepted the provisions of this chapter and shall insure his full liability
in accordance with subdivision (2) of subsection (b) of section 31-284, unless the partnership elects to be excluded from the provisions of this chapter by notice, in writing
and by signed agreement of each partner, to the commissioner.
(11) "Full-time student" means any student enrolled for at least seventy-five per
cent of a full-time student load at a postsecondary educational institution which has
been approved by a state-recognized or federally-recognized accrediting agency or
body. "Full-time student load" means the number of credit hours, quarter credits or
academic units required for a degree from such institution, divided by the number of
academic terms needed to complete the degree.
(12) "Medical and surgical aid or hospital and nursing service", when requested by
an injured employee and approved by the commissioner, includes treatment by prayer
or spiritual means through the application or use of the principles, tenets or teachings
of any established church without the use of any drug or material remedy, provided
sanitary and quarantine regulations are complied with, and provided all those ministering
to the injured employee are bona fide members of such church.
(13) "Member" includes all parts of the human body referred to in subsection (b)
of section 31-308.
(14) "Nursing" means the practice of nursing as defined in subsection (a) of section
20-87a, and "nurse" means a person engaged in such practice.
(15) "Occupational disease" includes any disease peculiar to the occupation in
which the employee was engaged and due to causes in excess of the ordinary hazards
of employment as such, and includes any disease due to or attributable to exposure to
or contact with any radioactive material by an employee in the course of his employment.
(16) (A) "Personal injury" or "injury" includes, in addition to accidental injury that
may be definitely located as to the time when and the place where the accident occurred,
an injury to an employee that is causally connected with the employee's employment
and is the direct result of repetitive trauma or repetitive acts incident to such employment,
and occupational disease.
(B) "Personal injury" or "injury" shall not be construed to include:
(i) An injury to an employee that results from the employee's voluntary participation
in any activity the major purpose of which is social or recreational, including, but not
limited to, athletic events, parties and picnics, whether or not the employer pays some
or all of the cost of such activity;
(ii) A mental or emotional impairment, unless such impairment arises (I) from a
physical injury or occupational disease, or (II) in the case of a police officer, from such
police officer's use of deadly force or subjection to deadly force in the line of duty,
regardless of whether such police officer is physically injured, provided such police
officer is the subject of an attempt by another person to cause such police officer serious
physical injury or death through the use of deadly force, and such police officer reasonably believes such police officer to be the subject of such an attempt. As used in this
clause, "police officer" means a member of the Division of State Police within the
Department of Public Safety, an organized local police department or a municipal constabulary, and "in the line of duty" means any action that a police officer is obligated
or authorized by law, rule, regulation or written condition of employment service to
perform, or for which the police officer is compensated by the public entity such officer
serves;
(iii) A mental or emotional impairment that results from a personnel action, including, but not limited to, a transfer, promotion, demotion or termination; or
(iv) Notwithstanding the provisions of subparagraph (B)(i) of this subdivision, "personal injury" or "injury" includes injuries to employees of local or regional boards of
education resulting from participation in a school-sponsored activity but does not include any injury incurred while going to or from such activity. As used in this clause,
"school-sponsored activity" means any activity sponsored, recognized or authorized by
a board of education and includes activities conducted on or off school property and
"participation" means acting as a chaperone, advisor, supervisor or instructor at the
request of an administrator with supervisory authority over the employee.
(17) "Physician" includes any person licensed and authorized to practice a healing
art, as defined in section 20-1, and licensed under the provisions of chapters 370, 372
and 373 to practice in this state.
(18) "Podiatrist" means any practitioner of podiatry, as defined in section 20-50,
and duly licensed under the provisions of chapter 375 to practice in this state.
(19) "Presumptive dependents" means the following persons who are conclusively
presumed to be wholly dependent for support upon a deceased employee: (A) A wife
upon a husband with whom she lives at the time of his injury or from whom she receives
support regularly; (B) a husband upon a wife with whom he lives at the time of her
injury or from whom he receives support regularly; (C) any child under the age of
eighteen, or over the age of eighteen but physically or mentally incapacitated from
earning, upon the parent with whom he is living or from whom he is receiving support
regularly, at the time of the injury of the parent; (D) any unmarried child who has attained
the age of eighteen but has not attained the age of twenty-two and who is a full-time
student, upon the parent with whom he is living or from whom he is receiving support
regularly, provided, any child who has attained the age of twenty-two while a full-time student but has not completed the requirements for, or received, a degree from a
postsecondary educational institution shall be deemed not to have attained the age of
twenty-two until the first day of the first month following the end of the quarter or
semester in which he is enrolled at the time, or if he is not enrolled in a quarter or semester
system, until the first day of the first month following the completion of the course in
which he is enrolled or until the first day of the third month beginning after such time,
whichever occurs first.
(20) "Previous disability" means an employee's preexisting condition caused by
the total or partial loss of, or loss of use of, one hand, one arm, one foot or one eye
resulting from accidental injury, disease or congenital causes, or other permanent physical impairment.
(21) "Scar" means the mark left on the skin after the healing of a wound or sore,
or any mark, damage or lasting effect resulting from past injury.
(22) "Second disability" means a disability arising out of a second injury.
(23) "Second injury" means an injury, incurred by accident, repetitive trauma, repetitive acts or disease arising out of and in the course of employment, to an employee
with a previous disability.
(1949 Rev., S. 7416; 1949, S. 3037d; 1958 Rev., S. 31-139; 1961, P.A. 491, S. 1; 1967, P.A. 842, S. 1; 1969, P.A. 289;
556, S. 1; 696, S. 1; 806, S. 1; 1972, P.A. 281, S. 2; P.A. 77-614, S. 163, 610; P.A. 78-324, S. 3; P.A. 79-113; 79-540, S.
1; P.A. 80-124, S. 1; 80-284, S. 1; 80-414, S. 1; 80-482, S. 201, 348; 80-483, S. 95, 186; P.A. 82-398, S. 1; P.A. 84-320,
S. 1, 6; P.A. 85-420, S. 1, 4; P.A. 88-184, S. 1, 3; 88-364, S. 50, 123; P.A. 91-32, S. 1, 41; 91-339, S. 1; P.A. 92-31, S. 1,
7; P.A. 93-228, S. 1, 35; P.A. 95-79, S. 117, 189; 95-262, S. 2, 3; P.A. 96-180, S. 104, 166; P.A. 97-205, S. 1; P.A. 99-102, S. 41; P.A. 01-208, S. 2, 3; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, S. 146(c); P.A. 04-189, S. 1; P.A. 05-208, S. 4; 05-230, S.
1; 05-236, S. 2.)
History: 1961 act entirely replaced previous provisions; 1967 act redefined "commission" as seven rather than five
commissioners, added exception in definition of "dependent" and redefined "employer" as those employing one or more
rather than two or more persons; 1969 acts redefined "arising out of and in the course of his employment" to include special
provision re policemen and firemen, redefined "physician" to include those practicing a healing art and duly licensed rather
than those practicing as chiropractors, added definition of "podiatrist", redefined "occupational disease" to include diseases
resulting from exposure to or contact with radioactive materials and specified "regularly" employed in Subdiv. (d) of
definition of "employer"; 1972 act included persons elected as members of the general assembly in definition of "employee";
P.A. 77-614 made insurance department a division within the department of business regulation with insurance commissioner as its head, effective January 1, 1979 (See Subsec. (6)); P.A. 78-324 included volunteer police officers in definition
of "employee"; P.A. 79-113 divided section into Subsecs. and redefined "employee" and "employer" to include provisions
re persons who are sole proprietors or partners in a business; P.A. 79-540 redefined "commission" to raise number of
commissioners to eight and defined "compensation review division"; P.A. 80-124 substituted "causally" for "casually" in
Subsec. (8); P.A. 80-284 inserted new Subsec. (13) defining "full-time student" and renumbered former Subsec. (13)
accordingly; P.A. 80-414 redefined "commission" and "compensation review division" to reflect increase in number of
commissioners to nine; P.A. 80-482 reinstated insurance department and deleted reference to abolished department of
business regulation; P.A. 80-483 made technical correction; P.A. 82-398 defined "income", including within it all forms
of remuneration to an individual from his employment; P.A. 84-320 amended Subsecs. (2) and (3) to increase the number
of commissioners to ten; P.A. 85-420 amended Subdivs. (2) and (3) to increase the number of commissioners to eleven;
P.A. 88-184 redefined "commission" and "compensation review division" to reflect an increase in number of commissioners
to thirteen; P.A. 88-364 made a technical change in Subsec. (5); P.A. 91-32 replaced existing definitions with Subdivs.
(1) to (22), inclusive; P.A. 91-339 redefined "commission" in Subsec. (2), deleted definition of "compensation review
division" in former Subsec. (5), deleted reference to Sec. 31-308b from renumbered Subsec. (6), added new Subsec. (8)
defining "disfigurement" and added new Subsec. (21) defining "scar", renumbering as necessary; P.A. 92-31 redefined
"compensation" to delete dependency allowances; P.A. 93-228 redefined "arising out of and in the course of his employment", "employee", "employer" and "personal injury" in Subdivs. (1), (9), (10) and (16), respectively, added definition
of "narcotic drugs" in Subdiv. (1), and deleted definitions of "significant disfigurement" and "significant scar" in Subdivs.
(8) and (21), respectively, effective July 1, 1993; P.A. 95-79 redefined "employer" in Subdiv. (10) to include a limited
liability company, effective May 31, 1995; P.A. 95-262 amended Subdiv. (1) to redefine "arising out of and in the course
of his employment" to exclude as a personal injury, any injury sustained at the employee's place of abode while the
employee is engaged in a preliminary act or acts in preparation for work unless at the express direction or request of the
employer, to define "place of abode" and to require the Workers' Compensation Commission to adopt regulations and to
define "a preliminary act" and "acts in preparation for work", effective July 6, 1995 (Revisor's note: The phrase "the
Workers Compensation Commissioner shall adopt regulations" was changed editorially by the Revisors to "the Workers
Compensation Commission shall adopt regulations" to correct an apparent clerical error in the reference to "Commissioner"); P.A. 96-180 amended Subdivs. (9) and (10) to make technical changes, effective June 3, 1996; P.A. 97-205
amended Subdiv. (16)(B) to define "personal injury" and "school-sponsored activity"; P.A. 99-102 amended Subdiv. (17)
by deleting obsolete reference to chapter 371; P.A. 01-208 amended Subdiv. (1) by making technical changes throughout,
designating existing Subpara. (A) as Subpara. (A)(i), adding Subpara. (A)(ii) re dependents of certain deceased employees
of the Department of Correction and designating portions of existing Subpara. (E) as Subparas. (F) and (G), effective July
13, 2001; June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6 replaced Commissioner of Consumer Protection with Commissioner of Agriculture
and Consumer Protection, effective July 1, 2004; P.A. 04-189 repealed Sec. 146 of June 30 Sp. Sess. P.A. 03-6, thereby
reversing the merger of the Departments of Agriculture and Consumer Protection, effective June 1, 2004; P.A. 05-208
amended Subdiv. (16)(B)(ii) to exempt mental or emotional impairment of police officer arising from use of or subjection
to deadly force from general mental or emotional impairment exclusion from definition of "personal injury" or "injury"
and made technical changes throughout Subdiv. (16); P.A. 05-230 amended Subdiv. (1)(A) by adding new clause (ii)
defining "in the course of his employment" for employees of Department of Correction, redesignating existing clause (ii)
as clause (iii) and making a conforming change therein, and amended Subdiv. (1)(G) by requiring Workers' Compensation
Commission to define "departure from place of abode directly to duty" and "return directly to place of abode after duty"
by regulation on or before January 1, 2006; P.A. 05-236 amended Subdiv. (9)(A) by making technical changes in clause
(vi) and adding clause (vii) to redefine "employee" to include members of the National Guard or other armed forces of the
state called to active duty by Governor while performing active duty service, effective July 1, 2005.
See Sec. 31-294h re extent of benefits for mental or emotional impairment of police officers.
Dependent. Dependency is a question of fact. 89 C. 152; 95 C. 165; Id., 674. Father without income is dependent on
minor though his earnings did not exceed the cost of his support. 90 C. 258; 105 C. 423. Cited. 91 C. 231. Cited. 106 C.
235. Cited. 130 C. 658. Cited. 131 C. 202. Cited. 132 C. 171. Adult son able to support his family is not a dependent of
his father. 92 C. 458. Employee's mistress is not a dependent but illegitimate children are. 93 C. 423. Wife living with
husband is presumably supported by him and not dependent of eleven year old son. 95 C. 166. Father who adds son's
wages to invested capital is not dependent. Id., 676. Sister held dependent who relied on decedent's earnings though his
contributions were voluntary and not enforceable. 96 C. 303. Sister held dependent though not living with decedent. 97
C. 113. Employee. A sheriff is not an employee of the state though it pays him a salary. 89 C. 684. Contract of employment
implied. Id. Employee distinguished from independent contractor. 90 C. 447; 95 C. 421; 96 C. 636; 105 C. 545; 107 C.
146. Musicians for a dance on defendant's premises engaged from an orchestra leader held defendant's employees. 92 C.
407. Newspaper reporter is an employee. 94 C. 159. Formerly policemen and firemen were not employees. Id., 403. One
doing personal service to a corporation officer in hope of a tip not an employee of either the corporation or the officer. Id.,
490. Consideration of whether or not one illegally employed is within the act. 95 C. 166. Employee distinguished from
city officer. 96 C. 560. Firemen and policemen included in 1921. 102 C. 340. Tree warden is officer in supervisory duties
and employee when performing manual labor. Id., 573. Burden is on claimant to show that he is employee. 105 C. 551.
"Employer" includes one working for another in return for prior assistance from the other. 102 C. 474. "Outworker" does
not include treasurer taking clerical work home to complete. 105 C. 520. "Personal injury" is a localized abnormal condition
of the body directly and contemporaneously caused by accident. 91 C. 162. Erysipelas caused by frost bite due to employment is compensable. 90 C. 131. Also sunstroke from heat of the work. 93 C. 153; Id., 315. Under the act of 1919 the
injury need not be located at a definite time and place. 98 C. 652. A weakened condition making him susceptible to disease
and injury. Id; 102 C. 10. Weakened resistance is injury only if incapacitating disease results. The act of 1921 broadly
interpreted as to resulting diseases. 103 C. 98; Id., 707; 104 C. 718. These decisions seem to be overthrown by the amendment
of 1927. "Occupational disease" was not compensable in the original act. 90 C. 349; 91 C. 158. "Arising out of and in the
course of his employment". The definition given in the present act overthrows expressions in some of the earlier cases.
First defined. 90 C. 120. Causal connection must exist between the employment and the injury. Id., 119; Id., 309; 92 C.
387. Sufficient if employment creates condition from which the injury arose. 93 C. 587; 100 C. 392. This definition
developed. 92 C. 276; 93 C. 315; 104 C. 712; 105 C. 517; Id., 698. That an employee does work for his employer not
strictly required does not put him out of the "course of his employment". Injuries held compensable received while returning
to work after temporary stoppage. 92 C. 84. Resting on the premises waiting for his turn of work. Id., 277. Being transported
to work by the employer. Id., 91; 93 C. 85; 103 C. 564; 107 C. 505; 108 C. 630. Driving his own car on employer's business.
98 C. 548. When an injury received on the highway is compensable. 105 C. 518; 107 C. 168. Foreman employed on the
highway stepping across the road to speak to a friend. 93 C. 52. Stopping at a company store on the way home. Id., 59.
Lightning stroke while park laborer was under a tree for shelter. 94 C. 12. Employer's pistol fired by a curious office boy.
Id., 264. Stones thrown at employer's glass which employee was trying to protect. Id., 381. Following usual path over
railroad tracks. 95 C. 412. Fall from the scaffold where he worked though due to vertigo. 97 C. 46. Crossing tracks to get
food for employer's dog. 98 C. 289. Traveling salesman injured in hotel fire. Id., 758. Injury by an insane fellow workman
on the premises. 100 C. 377. Policeman going along the highway to police station. 102 C. 342. Hotel manager driving
thief away from the refrigerator. 103 C. 761. Insanity and suicide resulting from close application to library work. 107 C.
60. Compensation refused in the following cases: fighting with a fellow employee. 92 C. 386. Employee, sent by defendant
to a doctor, took short cut across railroad tracks and was killed. 96 C. 343. Taking own route home from work though the
company paid traveling expenses. Id., 355; 105 C. 518. Injury caused by smoking against orders in toilet. 104 C. 334.
Injury from playful push by a visitor. 105 C. 397. Sleeping by permission in employer's barn. Id., 701. Doing work for
oneself on employer's machine during the rest hour. 107 C. 517. Washing car sometimes used in employer's business. Id.,
646. Scarlet fever contracted while in hospital for treatment of compensable injury. 108 C. 148. Claim to compensation
must be based on more than speculation and conjecture. 146 C. 505. When an activity may be an incident of employment.
147 C. 267. "Aggravation of a preexisting disease" may be a personal injury. 90 C. 544. This term defined. 97 C. 552.
Apportionment of the award is not made in case of death. 103 C. 705; (but see the words "or death" added by the amendment
in 1927). Mere susceptibility is not a preexisting disease and "injury" means compensable injury. Id., 726. Syphilis "lighted
up" by fall was compensable. 104 C. 365; (but see the exclusion of syphilis added in 1927). Tuberculosis aggravated by
employee doing any work, but not by the particular employment, not compensable. Id., 711. Aliter, when it is directly
caused by the employment. Id., 726; 105 C. 656. Action denied when excitement aroused in a corporation manager by the
result of a prosecution in court "lighted up" angina pectoris. 108 C. 493. Causal connection between factory conditions
and grippe held too uncertain. 106 C. 365. Employer has burden of proof that preexisting disease contributed to the disability.
103 C. 731; 107 C. 66. Preexisting disease due to former employment by defendant is no mitigation. 107 C. 67. Cited. 110
C. 227. Cited. 112 C. 462. Cited. 114 C. 30; Id., 136. Cited. 125 C. 189. Cited. 127 C. 395. Minor illegally employed is
covered. 131 C. 157. Employee or independent contractor. 121 C. 127; 123 C. 320; 124 C. 433; 126 C. 379. Trade or
business and causal defined. 118 C. 367; 119 C. 224; 129 C. 44. Part or process of trade or business, but injury did not
occur in, on or about premises under control of respondent. 125 C. 109. Statute does not require that time be fixed by
stopwatch or the place by a mathematical point. 119 C. 44. What constitutes occupational disease. 118 C. 29; 128 C. 499.
Tuberculosis not an occupational disease. 121 C. 664. Distinction between employee and independent contractor. 124 C.
433. Status of F.E.R.A. employee. 123 C. 504. Status of relief worker. 126 C. 265. Child employed in violation of law
entitled to compensation. 111 C. 229. Meaning of "accidental injury". 128 C. 608; 131 C. 572; 132 C. 118; Id., 479. Unusual
susceptibility of linotypist. 128 C. 499. Employee killed on property not under control of employer. 130 C. 1; 131 C. 244.
Previous condition of employee immaterial. 123 C. 192; 129 C. 532. Injury must arise out of employment and be causally
traceable to it. 109 C. 378; Id., 473; 115 C. 446; 116 C. 297; 119 C. 1; Id., 170; Id., 248; Id., 694; 122 C. 343; 123 C. 327;
124 C. 355; 129 C. 240; Id., 669; 130 C. 11; 133 C. 78; Id., 614. When bodily injury arises through weakened resistance,
entitled to compensation. 110 C. 248; 129 C. 532. Injury from (pneumonia) weakened resistance does not entitle to compensation. 111 C. 188. Meaning of "through weakened resistance and lowered vitality". 116 C. 186. Litigation neurosis not
compensable. Id., 229. Apportionment for aggravation applied to death cases. 114 C. 389; 121 C. 71. Apportionment for
aggravation of disease applies only to occupational disease. 130 C. 401. Deviation from employment. 132 C. 606. Domestic
away from employer's house. 131 C. 334; Id., 341. Situation in which employee sought gasoline rations for the mutual
benefit of employer and employee. 132 C. 563. Transportation provided by employer. 125 C. 238. Construction of "aggravation of preexisting syphilitic disease". 122 C. 353. Where premises were under defendant's control, plaintiff held to be a
subagent and employee. 134 C. 462. Plaintiffs injured by horseplay held not compensable. Id., 672. Commissioner's
conclusion that claimant was employee of police department sustained. 136 C. 361. An employer may by his dealing with
an employee annex to the actual performance of the work, as an incident of the employment, the going to or departure
from work. 137 C. 134. Cited. Id., 486. If one employee assaults another to gratify his feeling of anger, the resulting injury
does not arise out of the employment. Id., 626. Definitions of independent contractor restated. 138 C. 317. Plaintiff not on
payroll, but paid by quantity, who used his own equipment and occasionally bought supplies for which he was reimbursed,
was employee and not independent contractor, since defendant had general control of work. 148 C. 624. An employee
seeking workmen's compensation has burden of proving that he sustained an injury, not merely in the course of his
employment, but arising out of, that is, caused by, his employment. 150 C. 328. Cited. 154 C. 1, 4. Causal connection
between employee's disability and his work must be established for him to be entitled to compensation. Id., 48, 52. Findings
of fact by hearing commissioner that claimant was injured while using elevator in premises he was cleaning which he had
expressly been forbidden to use would not be disturbed and conclusion claimant was not injured in course of his employment
sustained. 155 C. 214. Benefits under workmen's compensation act are payable only to claimants who have been dependents
of employee whose injury or death is basis of award. 156 C. 245. "Employer" is one customarily using services of two or
more employees and employee who was temporarily sole employee is still to be kept covered under act. Id., 276. Volunteer
firemen are not included in definition of employee in this statute. 159 C. 53. Cited. 162 C. 148. Cited. 163 C. 221. Cited.
165 C. 338, 340. "Injury", as used in the Workmen's Compensation Act, includes an injury to employee which is causally
connected with his employment and is the direct result of repetitive trauma or acts incident to such employment. 168 C.
413. Cited. 175 C. 392. Secs. 31-275 through 31-355 cited. 175 C. 424. Cited. 178 C. 371; Id., 664. Cited. 179 C. 501; Id.,
662. Cited. 182 C. 24. Cited. 187 C. 53. Cited. 204 C. 104. Cited. 208 C. 589. Cited. 221 C. 29. Cited. 223 C. 336. Cited.
227 C. 333; Id., 930. Cited. 229 C. 587. Cited. 231 C. 287. Cited. 241 C. 692. Injury sustained by discharged employee
while retrieving personal belongings compensable as injury sustained in the course of employment. 244 C. 502. Cited as
Workers Compensation Act, Sec. 31-275 et. seq., in accord with prior cases, the determination of whether injury arose out
of and in the course of employment is a question of fact for the commissioner. 245 C. 613. Cited as Workers Compensation
Act, Sec. 31-275 et. seq., the "right to control" test cannot coexist with the "relative nature of work" test; court affirmed
use of "right to control" test. Id. Aggravation of preexisting psychiatric condition due to work-related physical injury may
be a sufficiently distinct and identifiable injury constituting an impairment arising from a compensable work-related
physical injury. 258 C. 137. When read in conjunction with Sec. 31-293a, statute plainly states that emotional distress not
arising from physical injury is not compensable through workers' compensation. 265 C. 21. Question of whether injuries
resulted from incident that occurred in course of employment is a separate and distinct question from whether injuries
arose out of employment. If supported by evidence and not inconsistent with the law, commissioner's inference that injury
did or did not arise out of and in the course of employment is conclusive. 267 C. 583. In-home health care worker comes
within traveling employee exception to "coming and going rule", and injury sustained during travel from her home to
home of patient is injury "arising out of and in the course of his employment". 274 C. 219. Compensation review board
improperly concluded that workers' compensation commissioner lacked jurisdiction over claim because the injury occurred
on navigable waters of the United States and, therefore, federal government had exclusive jurisdiction over the claim under
Art. III, Sec. 2 and Art. I, Sec. 8 of U. S. Constitution and Longshore and Harbor Workers' Compensation Act, 33 USC
section 901 et seq. State has concurrent jurisdiction with federal government over claims involving injuries incurred on
navigable waters when the employer and employee are locally based, the employment contract is performed within the
state and partly on land, the injury took place on state's territorial waters and the employer was required under the state
act to secure compensation for any land-based injuries incurred by employee. 283 C. 1. Apportionment or proportional
reduction of benefits appropriate when respondent employer is able to prove that disability has resulted from combination
of two concurrently developing disease processes, one that is nonoccupational and the other that is occupational in nature,
and conditions of claimant's occupation have no influence on development of nonoccupational disease. 284 C. 479.
Cited. 3 CA 16. Cited. 32 CA 595. Based on facts presented, plaintiff's injury was compensable when sustained during
a basketball game organized by supervisors during working hours. 91 CA 345. Injured personal care assistant who worked
25.75 hours per week not employee because did not work 26 hours per work as required by Subdiv. (9) definition of
employee. 108 CA 581.
When the life expectancy of the decedent is less than the term covered by the award. 2 CS 30. Compensation is allowed
only when the preexisting disease is aggravated by the injury; it does not include the situation where the injury is made
more serious because of the preexisting disease. 6 CS 256. Plaintiff injured while being transported to place of employment
by employer on day before her salary began was within the course of her employment. Id., 288. Heart condition is not
necessarily inconsistent with the occurrence of an accident within the concept of the statute. 7 CS 5. One who reported to
a municipal station after each snowfall for employment in snow removal work was not an employee under the act until he
was hired. 12 CS 313. Cited. 13 CS 417. Enlargement of plaintiff's heart not a "personal injury". 14 CS 131. Cited. 15 CS
324. Distinction drawn between "special hazards" test and "arising out of and in the course of his employment". 20 CS
202. Injury sustained as result of playing basketball at company club held not to have arisen out of and in the course of
employment. 24 CS 262.
Former Subsec. (b):
"Employment of casual nature" defined. 90 C. 451; 92 C. 407; 105 C. 594; 107 C. 363. Police duty is not, though on
theater assignment. 102 C. 342. Washing windows in defendant's factory is not. 107 C. 192. This exception not to be
construed strictly against the employee. Id., 364.
Former Subsec. (c):
Employee of partnership not barred because the son lived in the house of a partner. 91 C. 380.
Cited. 21 CA 610.
Subdiv. (1):
Compensation for aggravation of plaintiff's post-traumatic stress disorder is not limited by apportionment provisions
of Subpara. (D). 259 C. 29.
Cited. 41 CA 430. Special policeman appointed pursuant to Sec. 29-18 is not a policeman for purposes of Subpara. (A)
if he has limited authority to arrest or to carry weapons, was not issued a state vehicle, was not entitled to travel pay, and
lacked training required of police officers. 60 CA 707.
Subdiv. (4):
Cited. 239 C. 676.
Cited. 5 CA 369. Cited. 24 CA 234.
Subdiv. (5):
Cited. 193 C. 59. Cited. 203 C. 34. Cited. 207 C. 420. Cited. 213 C. 54. Cited. 219 C. 674. Subpara. (D): Work in
construction of barn on premises of private residence not in excess of twenty-six hours a week is excluded from provisions
of workers' compensation act. Id. Cited. 228 C. 401. P.A. 93-228, Sec. 1 (9)(B)(vi) cited. Id.
Cited. 21 CA 610.
Subdiv. (6):
Cited. 207 C. 420. Cited. 213 C. 54. Cited. 239 C. 19.
Cited. 18 CA 614. Cited. 21 CA 610.
Subdiv. (8):
Cited. 196 C. 91.
Cited. 3 CA 370.
Cited. 37 CS 836.
Subdiv. (9):
Subpara. (B)(iii) cited. 225 C. 165. Cited. 226 C. 508. Term "employee" encompasses illegal alien, thus claim for work-related injury by illegal alien was within jurisdictional confines of Workers' Compensation Act. 244 C. 781. In order to
be "regularly employed" pursuant to Subpara. (B)(iv), a person must work more than twenty-six hours per week during
majority of the fifty-two weeks preceding date of his or her injury. 265 C. 816.
Cited. 29 CA 249.
Subdiv. (10):
Cited. 226 C. 508. Joint venture between two nonprofit organizations may be an employer under the Workers' Compensation Act. 252 C. 641.
Subdiv. (11):
Cited. 28 CA 226.
Cited. 38 CS 324.
Subdiv. (12):
Cited. 186 C. 623.
Cited. 25 CA 599. Cited. 27 CA 800.
Cited. 39 CS 408.
Subdiv. (14):
Cited. 214 C. 394; Id., 552.
Cited. 24 CA 234. Cited. 44 CA 397.
Subdiv. (15):
Cited. 242 C. 570.
Cited. 38 CA 1. Cited. 41 CA 430. Cited. 42 CA 803.
Subdiv. (16):
Subpara. (A): Exposures to two potentially fatal infectious diseases are compensable injuries under the act. 241 C. 692.
Subpara. (A) cited. 242 C. 570. Subpara. (B)(ii): Although plaintiff police officer suffered an occupational disease pursuant
to Subdiv. (15), his post-traumatic stress disorder is excluded from coverage under this Subdiv. because it did not arise
from a physical injury. 250 C. 65. Legislative intent of subdivision states that mental anguish resulting from sexual assault
would be compensable under workers' compensation. 252 C. 215. Pursuant to Subpara. (A) three types of injuries fall within
definition of "personal injury" and are covered by the act: Accidental injuries, repetitive trauma injuries and occupational
diseases. Id., 596. When aggravation of a preexisting psychiatric condition is direct consequence of a work-related physical
injury, aggravation of the psychiatric condition is, itself, a sufficiently distinct and identifiable injury to constitute "mental
or emotional impairment" that "arises from" compensable work-related physical injury under Subpara. (B)(ii). 259 C. 29.
Subpara (B): Tort actions for emotional injuries that are not compensable under the act are not barred by exclusivity
provisions of the act. Id., 729.
Subpara. (A) cited. 42 CA 803; 45 CA 707. Decedent's stress-related fatal heart attack was a compensable personal
injury and thus recovery of death benefits was not precluded by terms of statutory provision. 96 CA 207.
Subdiv. (19):
Cited. 226 C. 569. Former Sec. 31-306 cited. Id.
Subdiv. (20):
Cited. 237 C. 490.