Sec. 22a-471. Pollution of groundwaters. Orders to provide potable drinking water. Grants to municipalities. Hearing on order to abate. Appeal. Injunction. Forfeiture for violations. Orders to persons
Sec. 22a-471. Pollution of groundwaters. Orders to provide potable drinking
water. Grants to municipalities. Hearing on order to abate. Appeal. Injunction.
Forfeiture for violations. Orders to persons engaged in agriculture for contamination of groundwater by pesticides. (a)(1) If the commissioner determines that pollution
of the groundwaters has occurred or can reasonably be expected to occur and the Commissioner of Public Health determines that the extent of pollution creates or can reasonably be expected to create an unacceptable risk of injury to the health or safety of persons
using such groundwaters as a public or private source of water for drinking or other
personal or domestic uses, the Commissioner of Environmental Protection shall, as
funds from the emergency spill response account established by section 22a-451 allow,
arrange for the short-term provision of potable drinking water to those residential buildings and elementary and secondary schools affected by such pollution until either he
issues an order pursuant to this section requiring the provision of such short-term supply
and the recipient complies with such order or a long-term supply of potable drinking
water has been provided, whichever is earlier. In determining if pollution creates an
unacceptable risk of injury, the Commissioner of Public Health shall balance all relevant
and substantive facts and inferences and shall not be limited to a consideration of available statistical analysis but shall consider all of the evidence presented and any factor
related to human health risks. The commissioner may issue an order to the person or
municipality responsible for such pollution requiring that potable drinking water be
provided to all persons affected by such pollution. If the commissioner finds that more
than one person or municipality is responsible for such pollution, he shall attempt to
apportion responsibility if he determines that apportionment is appropriate. If he does
not apportion responsibility, all persons and municipalities responsible for the pollution
of the groundwaters shall be jointly and severally responsible for the providing of potable
drinking water to persons affected by such pollution. If the commissioner determines
that the state or an agency or department of the state is responsible in whole or in part
for the pollution of the groundwaters, such agency or department shall prepare or arrange
for the preparation of an engineering report and shall provide or arrange for the provision
of a long-term potable drinking water supply. If the commissioner is unable to determine
the person or municipality responsible or if he determines that the responsible persons
have no assets other than land, buildings, business machinery or livestock and are unable
to secure a loan at a reasonable rate of interest to provide potable drinking water, he
may prepare or arrange for the preparation of an engineering report and provide or
arrange for the provision of a long-term potable drinking water supply or he may issue
an order to the municipality wherein groundwaters unusable for potable drinking water
are located requiring that short-term provision of potable drinking water be made to
those existing residential buildings and elementary and secondary schools affected by
such pollution and that long-term provision of potable drinking water be made to all
persons affected by such pollution. For purposes of this section, "residential building"
means any house, apartment, trailer, mobile manufactured home or other structure occupied by individuals as a dwelling, except a non-owner-occupied hotel or motel or a
correctional institution.
(2) Any order issued pursuant to this section may require the provision of potable
drinking water in such quantities as the commissioner determines are necessary for
drinking and other personal and domestic uses and may require the maintenance and
monitoring of potable water supply facilities for any period which the commissioner
determines is necessary. In making such determinations, the commissioner shall consider the short-term and long-term needs for potable drinking water and the health and
safety of those persons whose water supply is unusable. Any order may require the
submission of an engineering report which shall be subject to the approval of the commissioner and the Commissioner of Public Health and include, but not be limited to, a
description in detail of the problem, area and population affected by pollution of the
groundwaters; the expected duration of and extent of the pollution; alternate solutions
including relative cost of construction or installation, operation and maintenance; design
criteria on all alternate solutions; and any other information which the commissioner
deems necessary. Upon review of such report, the commissioner and the Commissioner
of Public Health shall consider the nature of the pollution, the expected duration and
extent of the pollution, the health and safety of the persons affected, the initial and
ongoing cost-effectiveness and reliability of each alternative and any other factors which
they deem relevant, and shall approve a system or method to provide potable drinking
water pursuant to the order. Each order shall include a time schedule for the accomplishment of the steps leading to the provision of potable drinking water. Notwithstanding
the fact that a responsible party has been or may be identified or a request for a hearing
on or a pending appeal from an order issued pursuant to this section, when pollution of
the groundwaters has occurred or may reasonably be expected to occur, the commissioner may prepare or arrange for the preparation of an engineering report as described
in this subdivision and may provide or arrange for the provision of a long-term potable
drinking water supply. In any case where the state or an agency or department of the
state is responsible in whole or in part for the pollution of the groundwaters, such agency
or department shall prepare or arrange for the preparation of an engineering report and
shall provide or arrange for the provision of a long-term potable drinking water supply,
and if the state is not the sole responsible party, the commissioner shall seek reimbursement under subdivision (4) of subsection (b) of this section for the costs of such report
and for the provision of potable water. The cost of the report and of the provision of a
long-term potable drinking water supply, as funds allow, shall be paid from the emergency spill response account pursuant to the provisions of subdivision (6) of subsection
(d) of section 22a-451 or from the proceeds of any bonds authorized for the provision
of potable drinking water.
(3) The provisions of this section shall not affect the rights of any municipality to
institute suit to recover all damages, expenses and costs incurred by the municipality
from any responsible party, including, but not limited to, the costs specified in subparagraph (B)(i) and (ii) of subdivision (4) of subsection (b) of this section and, in the case
of any municipality which is not responsible for the pollution of the groundwaters, the
additional amounts specified in subparagraph (B)(iii) and (iv) of subdivision (4) of
subsection (b) of this section.
(4) No provision of this section shall limit the liability of any person who or municipality which renders the groundwaters unusable for potable drinking water from a suit
for damages by a person who or municipality which relied on said groundwaters for
potable drinking water prior to the determination by the commissioner that the groundwaters are polluted.
(5) The commissioner may issue any order pursuant to this section if the pollution
of the groundwaters occurred before or after July 1, 1982.
(6) The commissioner may at any time require further action by any person to whom
or municipality to which an order is issued pursuant to this section if he determines that
such action is necessary to protect the health and safety of those persons whose water
supply was rendered unusable.
(b) (1) (A) Any municipality not responsible for the pollution of the groundwaters
which is ordered to provide potable drinking water in accordance with subsection (a)
of this section may apply to the commissioner for a grant as provided by this subsection.
Except as provided in subparagraph (C) of subdivision (1) of this subsection and in
subdivision (2) of this subsection, the commissioner shall make grants for the short-term provision of potable drinking water and the construction or installation of individual
wells or individual water treatment systems, including, but not limited to, carbon absorption filters and shall make grants for other capital improvements for the long-term provision of potable drinking water from the emergency spill response account established
by section 22a-451 or from any bond authorization established for that purpose.
(B) The amount distributed to a municipality shall, as funds allow, equal one hundred per cent of the cost of short-term provision of potable drinking water, one hundred
per cent of the cost of the engineering report required by this section, one hundred per
cent of the cost of capital improvements for the most cost-effective long-term method
of providing potable drinking water as determined by the commissioner and the Commissioner of Public Health upon consideration of such engineering report, and one hundred per cent of the cost during the first five years of installation of monitoring and
maintaining individual water treatment systems and monitoring drinking water wells
located in an area where the commissioner determines that pollution of the groundwater
is reasonably likely to occur. No state funds shall be distributed to a municipality for
the cost of operating or maintaining any potable water supply facilities other than as
specified in this subsection.
(C) Notwithstanding any provision of this subsection to the contrary, the commissioner may advance to a municipality, from the emergency spill response account established by section 22a-451 or from the proceeds of any bonds authorized for the provision
of potable drinking water, any percentage of the cost of short-term and long-term provision of potable drinking water which he deems necessary.
(2) (A) If the commissioner is unable to determine the person or municipality responsible for rendering the groundwaters unusable for potable drinking water or if he
determines that the responsible persons have no assets other than land, buildings, business machinery or livestock and are unable to secure a loan at a reasonable rate of interest
to provide potable drinking water, a water company which has less than ten thousand
customers and which owns, maintains, operates, manages, controls or employs a water
supply well which is rendered unusable for potable drinking water, may apply to the
commissioner for a grant from funds established pursuant to section 22a-451 or from
the proceeds of any bonds authorized for the provision of potable drinking water. If,
upon review of the engineering report required by this subsection to be submitted with
an application for such a grant, the commissioner determines that a grant to a water
company from the emergency spill response account established by section 22a-451 or
from the proceeds of any bonds authorized for the provision of potable drinking water
is appropriate, he may make such a grant in accordance with regulations adopted by
him pursuant to subsection (e) of this section.
(B) The total amount distributed to a water company pursuant to this subsection
shall, as funds allow, equal fifty per cent of the cost of the engineering report required
by this subsection and fifty per cent of the cost of the most cost-effective long-term
method of rendering the water supply in question usable for potable drinking water, as
determined by the commissioner and the Commissioner of Public Health upon consideration of the required engineering report.
(C) For purposes of this section, "water company" and "customer" shall have the
same meaning as specified in section 25-32a.
(D) Any water company applying for a grant pursuant to this section shall prepare
or have prepared an engineering report which shall be subject to the approval of the
commissioner and the Commissioner of Public Health and include, but not be limited
to, a description in detail of the problem, area and population affected by pollution of the
groundwaters; alternate solutions including relative cost of construction or installation,
operation and maintenance; design criteria on all alternate solutions and any other information the commissioner deems necessary.
(3) (A) If a municipality or water company receives funding from a private source,
a federal grant or another state grant for any cost for which a grant may be awarded
pursuant to this section, the grant under this section shall equal the specified percentage
of the costs specified in this subsection minus the amount of the other funding.
(B) If a municipality or water company receives a grant under this section and is
compensated by a person who or municipality which is responsible for rendering the
groundwaters unusable for potable drinking water, the municipality or water company
shall reimburse the account from which the funds were made available for the grant as
follows: If the compensation from the responsible party equals or exceeds the costs
toward which the grant was to be applied, the municipality or water company shall
reimburse the total amount of the grant; if the compensation is less than the cost toward
which the grant was to be applied, the municipality or water company shall reimburse
a percentage of the compensation equal to the percentage of such costs paid by the grant.
(4) (A) Notwithstanding any request for a hearing or a pending appeal therefrom,
if a person or municipality responsible for pollution of the groundwaters fails to comply
with an order of the commissioner issued pursuant to this section, the municipality
wherein such pollution is located may, after giving written notice of its intent to the
commissioner and the responsible person or municipality, undertake the actions required
by the order and seek reimbursement for the cost of such actions from the responsible
person or municipality. If at any time after receipt of such a notice, the responsible party
intends to comply with a step of the order which the municipality has not yet completed,
the responsible party may do so with the written approval of the commissioner and
municipality, provided the actions which the responsible party takes are consistent with
those taken by the municipality.
(B) The commissioner may order any person or municipality responsible for pollution of the groundwaters to reimburse the state, a water company, and any municipality
which is not responsible for pollution but received an order pursuant to this section or
which did not receive such an order but voluntarily provided potable drinking water,
for (i) the expenses each incurred in providing potable drinking water to any person
affected by such pollution, provided the required reimbursement for such expenses shall
not exceed the actual cost of short-term provision of potable drinking water and an
amount equal to the reasonable cost of planning and implementing the most cost-effective long-term method of providing potable drinking water as determined by the commissioner and the Commissioner of Public Health; (ii) costs for recovering such reimbursement; (iii) interest on the expenses specified in (i) at a rate of ten per cent a year from
the date such expenses were paid; and (iv) reasonable attorney's fees. The commissioner
may request the Attorney General to bring a civil action to recover any costs or expenses
incurred by the commissioner pursuant to this subsection provided no such action may
be brought later than ten years after the date of discovery of the pollution of public or
private sources of water for drinking or other personal or domestic use.
(C) If a municipality fails to recover all expenses specified in subparagraph (B)(i)
of subdivision (4) of this subsection from the responsible party, the municipality may
apply to the commissioner for a grant in accordance with this subsection, provided the
total amount of funds received from the commissioner and the responsible party shall
not exceed the amounts specified in subparagraph (B) of subdivision (1) of subsection
(b) of this section.
(5) For purposes of this section except subdivision (3) of subsection (a) and subparagraph (B)(ii) of subdivision (4) of this subsection, "cost" includes only those costs which
the commissioner determines are necessary and reasonable, including, but not limited to,
the cost of plans and specifications, construction or installation and supervision thereof.
(6) If any grant application is pending on June 7, 1994, and is approved by the
commissioner, the percentage of costs to be paid by the grant shall be determined in
accordance with this section. Any order pending on May 31, 1985, shall be construed
in accordance with this section.
(7) Any person who or municipality which provides potable drinking water pursuant
to this section may, with the approval of the commissioner, construct or install facilities
beyond the areas included in the order or facilities which are more costly than those
which are determined to be most cost-effective, provided any request for a grant or
reimbursement shall be limited to the amounts specified in this section.
(c) Any order issued under the provisions of this section shall be subject to the
rights of any aggrieved person or municipality to a hearing before the commissioner as
provided in section 22a-436, and appeal from the final determination of the commissioner to the Superior Court as provided in section 22a-437. The request for a hearing
or pending appeal therefrom shall not constitute a condition which shall stay the commissioner from requesting that an injunction under the provisions of section 22a-6 or 22a-435, or a civil action to recover a forfeiture under the provisions of section 22a-438,
be initiated by the Attorney General. The court shall issue an injunction requiring the
recipient of the order to take the steps required by the order for short-term and long-term provision of potable drinking water unless such court determines that the issuance
of the order was arbitrary. Notwithstanding any provision of the general statutes, a court
shall not grant a stay from any order issued pursuant to this section on the grounds that
an administrative appeal is pending. If it is thereafter determined by the Superior Court
as the result of an appeal under the provisions of section 22a-437 that the commissioner
acted arbitrarily, unreasonably or contrary to law in requiring a person or municipality
to comply with an order the commissioner shall reimburse the person or municipality
for the total costs which have been incurred from the funds established under section
22a-446.
(d) The commissioner shall not issue an order to any person pursuant to this section
if the sole basis for the order is that such person is the owner of the land from which
the source of pollution or potential source of pollution emanates.
(e) The commissioner may, in accordance with chapter 54, adopt such regulations
as he deems necessary to carry out the provisions of this section, and shall adopt regulations for the provision of grants pursuant to this section which shall include criteria for
eligibility for funds.
(f) (1) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, if the commissioner determines that a person whose actions have caused or can reasonably be
expected to cause pollution of the groundwaters by the application of a pesticide (A)
has properly applied the pesticide or arranged for a pesticide application which was
properly performed, (B) was engaged in agriculture at the time the pesticide was applied
and used the pesticide solely in the production of agricultural commodities, (C) has
agreed to implement the plans specified in subdivision (2) of this subsection, and (D)
maintained the records of the application of the pesticide as required by section 22a-58
and the records and plan identified in section 22a-471a, the commissioner shall not issue
an order under subsection (a) of this section to the person engaged in agriculture, but
may issue an order under said subsection (a) to another responsible person, including,
but not limited to, the producer of the pesticide, requiring the short-term and long-term provision of potable drinking water in accordance with said subsection (a). The
commissioner shall not issue an order under said subsection (a) to a person engaged in
agriculture who did not maintain the records identified under section 22a-471a if said
commissioner finds such records are not relevant to a determination of the party responsible for pollution of the groundwaters. If the commissioner is unable to determine the
responsible person, he may issue such order to the municipality wherein groundwaters
unusable for potable drinking water are located.
(2) If the commissioner determines that a person engaged in agriculture has caused
or can reasonably be expected to cause pollution of the groundwaters by pesticides,
he may cause such person to submit to the commissioner and, upon approval by the
commissioner, implement a plan to minimize the potential for groundwater contamination from the storage, handling and disposal of pesticides at the locations where such
person engaged in agriculture.
(3) For the purposes of this subsection, a pesticide is properly applied if at the time
of the application the pesticide was licensed by or registered with the state and federal
government and was applied in a manner consistent with (A) the labeling of the pesticide,
as defined in section 22a-47, (B) applicable state and federal statutes and regulations at
the time of the application, (C) any approvals or recommendations of the federal, state
or local government, including any limitations, warnings or conditions of such approvals
or recommendations, and (D) generally accepted agricultural management practices at
the time of application, considering any special geological, hydrological or soil conditions of which the farmer was aware or reasonably should have been aware.
(4) Any municipality which receives an order pursuant to subdivision (1) of this
subsection shall be eligible for a grant from the state in accordance with subparagraph
(1) of subsection (b) of this section.
(5) The provisions of this subsection shall apply to pollution of the groundwaters
by pesticides discovered on or after May 26, 1988. All orders issued pursuant to this
section by the commissioner prior to May 26, 1988, shall remain in effect unless the
orders are otherwise revoked, amended or modified by said commissioner.
(6) Nothing in this subsection, section 22a-471a or section 22a-471b shall affect or
limit any right of action of an individual against any person engaged in agriculture for
injury to person or property resulting from the use of a pesticide.
(7) For purposes of this subsection, "pesticide" shall have the same meaning as
specified in section 22a-47.
(P.A. 82-240, S. 1, 3; June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-3, S. 1; P.A. 84-81, S. 3; P.A. 85-407, S. 2, 9; P.A. 86-364, S. 6; P.A. 87-191, S. 1, 2; 87-261, S. 9; P.A. 88-211, S. 1, 4; P.A. 93-381, S. 9, 39; P.A. 94-198, S. 1, 13; P.A. 95-169, S. 1; 95-257, S.
12, 21, 58; P.A. 05-288, S. 108, 109.)
History: June Sp. Sess. P.A. 83-3 changed term "mobile home" to "mobile manufactured home" in Subsec. (a)(1); P.A.
84-81 amended Subsec. (a) by adding provision that the order may require the supply of water in quantities necessary for
domestic and personal use and authorized grants if the responsible party has no liquid assets or is unable to secure a loan;
P.A. 85-407 amended Subsec. (a) by organizing the section into subdivisions and requiring the commissioner of health
services to determine that pollution creates an unacceptable risk of injury as a prerequisite to the arrangement for provision
of potable drinking water by the commissioner of environmental protection for residential buildings and elementary and
secondary schools, by authorizing the commissioner to require maintenance and monitoring of drinking water facilities
and to require submission of an engineering report; inserted new Subsec. (b) re grants to municipalities and water companies
and relettering the existing provisions as Subsec. (c); amended relettered Subsec. (c) by specifying that the courts, in an
action for injunction, shall require the recipient of an order to implement the order unless the order is arbitrary and added
Subsecs. (d) and (e); P.A. 86-364 amended Subsec. (a) (2) to authorize environmental protection commissioner to prepare
or arrange for preparation of engineering reports where there is actual or suspected groundwater pollution and to specify
that report shall include information re expected duration and extent of pollution; P.A. 87-191 amended Subdiv. (1) (C)
of Subsec. (b) to make advances from the emergency spill response fund or from the proceeds of bonds authorized to
provide potable drinking water; P.A. 87-261 amended Subsec. (c) by adding reference to Sec. 22a-6; P.A. 88-211 added
Subsec. (f) exempting persons engaged in agriculture who contaminate groundwater by pesticides from potable drinking
water orders if Subparas. (A) to (D), inclusive, of Subdiv. (1) are complied with; P.A. 93-381 replaced commissioner of
health services with commissioner of public health and addiction services, effective July 1, 1993; P.A. 94-198 amended
Subsec. (a) to specify a time limit for certain orders to provide potable water, to require responsible state agencies to
provide potable water in certain cases and to allow the use of certain bond funds for the provision of potable water and
amended Subsec. (b) to allow the use of the emergency spill response fund for the provision of potable water in certain
cases, to increase the percentages of costs of provision of potable water allowable to municipalities, to delete a requirement
that municipalities reimburse the state for certain funds disbursed to them under this section and to authorize the attorney
general to bring an action for recovery of costs under that subsection, effective June 7, 1994; (Revisor's note: In 1995 the
word "fund" was replaced editorially by the Revisors with "account" in references to the emergency spill response fund
to conform section with Sec. 22a-451, as amended by P.A. 94-130); P.A. 95-169 amended Subsec. (b) to change the
limitation on bringing an action for reimbursement of expenses under that subsection from 6 years after the discovery of
pollution of the groundwaters to 10 years from the date of discovery of pollution of public or private sources of water for
drinking or personal or domestic use; P.A. 95-257 replaced Commissioner and Department of Public Health and Addiction
Services with Commissioner and Department of Public Health, effective July 1, 1995; P.A. 05-288 made technical changes
in Subsecs. (a)(3) and (f)(1), effective July 13, 2005.