10.13—List of Migratory Birds.
(a) Legal authority for this list.
The Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) in 16 U.S.C. 703-711, the Fish and Wildlife Improvement Act of 1978, 16 U.S.C. 712, and 16 U.S.C. 742a-j. The MBTA implements Conventions between the United States and four neighboring countries for the protection of migratory birds, as follows:
(1) Canada:
Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds, August 16, 1916, United States-Great Britain (on behalf of Canada), 39 Stat. 1702, T.S. No. 628, as amended;
(2) Mexico:
Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Game Mammals, February 7, 1936, United States-United Mexican States (=Mexico), 50 Stat. 1311, T.S. No. 912, as amended;
(3) Japan:
Convention for the Protection of Migratory Birds and Birds in Danger of Extinction, and Their Environment, March 4, 1972, United States-Japan, 25 U.S.T. 3329, T.I.A.S. No. 7990; and
(4) Russia:
Convention for the Conservation of Migratory Birds and Their Environment, United States-Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (=Russia), November 26, 1976, 92 Stat. 3110, T.I.A.S. 9073, 16 U.S.C. 703, 712.
(b) Purpose of this list.
The purpose is to inform the public of the species protected by regulations designed to enforce the terms of the MBTA. These regulations, found in parts 10, 20, and 21 of this chapter, cover most aspects of the taking, possession, transportation, sale, purchase, barter, exportation, and importation of migratory birds.
(c) What species are protected as migratory birds?
Species protected as migratory birds are listed in two formats to suit the varying needs of the user: Alphabetically in paragraph (c)(1) of this section and taxonomically in paragraph (c)(2) of this section. Taxonomy and nomenclature generally follow the 7th edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's Check-list of North American birds (1998, as amended through 2007). For species not treated by the AOU Check-list, we generally follow Monroe and Sibley's A World Checklist of Birds (1993).
(1) Alphabetical listing.
Species are listed alphabetically by common (English) group names, with the scientific name of each species following the common name. It is possible that alphabetical listing by common group names may create confusion in those few instances in which the common (English) name of a species has changed. The species formerly known as the Falcated Teal, for example, is now known as the Falcated Duck. To prevent confusion, the alphabetical list has two entries for Falcated Duck: “DUCK, Falcated” and “[TEAL, Falcated (see DUCK, Falcated)].” Other potential ambiguities are treated in the same way.
ACCENTOR, Siberian, Prunella montanella
AKEKEE, Loxops caeruleirostris
AKEPA, Loxops coccineus
AKIALOA, Greater, Hemignathus ellisianus
AKIAPOLAAU, Hemignathus munroi
AKIKIKI, Oreomystis bairdi
AKOHEKOHE, Palmeria dolei
ALAUAHIO, Maui, Paroreomyza montana
Oahu, Paroreomyza maculata
ALBATROSS, Black-browed, Thalassarche melanophris
Black-footed, Phoebastria nigripes
Laysan, Phoebastria immutabilis
Light-mantled, Phoebetria palpebrata
Short-tailed, Phoebastria albatrus
Shy, Thalassarche cauta
Wandering, Diomedea exulans
Yellow-nosed, Thalassarche chlororhynchos
ANHINGA, Anhinga anhinga
ANI, Groove-billed, Crotophaga sulcirostris
Smooth-billed, Crotophaga ani
AMAKIHI, Hawaii, Hemignathus virens
Kauai, Hemignathus kauaiensis
Oahu, Hemignathus flavus
ANIANIAU, Magumma parva
APAPANE, Himatione sanguinea
AUKLET, Cassin's, Ptychoramphus aleuticus
Crested, Aethia cristatella
Least, Aethia pusilla
Parakeet, Aethia psittacula
Rhinoceros, Cerorhinca monocerata
Whiskered, Aethia pygmaea
AVOCET, American, Recurvirostra americana
[BARN-OWL, Common (see OWL, Barn)]
BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga, Anser fabalis
Tundra, Anser serrirostris
BEARDLESS-TYRANNULET, Northern, Camptostoma imberbe
BECARD, Rose-throated, Pachyramphus aglaiae
BITTERN, American, Botaurus lentiginosus
Black, Ixobrychus flavicollis
[Chinese (see Yellow)]
Least, Ixobrychus exilis
Schrenck's, Ixobrychus eurhythmus
Yellow, Ixobrychus sinensis
BLACK-HAWK, Common, Buteogallus anthracinus
BLACKBIRD, Brewer's, Euphagus cyanocephalus
Red-winged, Agelaius phoeniceus
Rusty, Euphagus carolinus
Tawny-shouldered, Agelaius humeralis
Tricolored, Agelaius tricolor
Yellow-headed, Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus
Yellow-shouldered, Agelaius xanthomus
BLUEBIRD, Eastern, Sialia sialis
Mountain, Sialia currucoides
Western, Sialia mexicana
BLUETAIL, Red-flanked, Tarsiger cyanurus
BLUETHROAT, Luscinia svecica
BOBOLINK, Dolichonyx oryzivorus
BOOBY, Blue-footed, Sula nebouxii
Brown, Sula leucogaster
Masked, Sula dactylatra
Red-footed, Sula sula
BRAMBLING, Fringilla montifringilla
BRANT, Branta bernicla
BUFFLEHEAD, Bucephala albeola
BULLFINCH, Eurasian, Pyrrhula pyrrhula
Puerto Rican, Loxigilla portoricensis
BUNTING, Blue, Cyanocompsa parellina
Gray, Emberiza variabilis
Indigo, Passerina cyanea
Little, Emberiza pusilla
Lark, Calamospiza melanocorys
Lazuli, Passerina amoena
McKay's, Plectrophenax hyperboreus
Painted, Passerina ciris
Pallas's, Emberiza pallasi
Pine, Emberiza leucocephalos
Reed, Emberiza schoeniclus
Rustic, Emberiza rustica
Snow, Plectrophenax nivalis
Varied, Passerina versicolor
Yellow-breasted, Emberiza aureola
Yellow-throated, Emberiza elegans
BUSHTIT, Psaltriparus minimus
CANVASBACK, Aythya valisineria
CARACARA, Crested, Caracara cheriway
CARDINAL, Northern, Cardinalis cardinalis
CARIB, Green-throated, Eulampis holosericeus
Purple-throated, Eulampis jugularis
CATBIRD, Black, Melanoptila glabrirostris
Gray, Dumetella carolinensis
CHAFFINCH, Common, Fringilla coelebs
CHAT, Yellow-breasted, Icteria virens
CHICKADEE, Black-capped, Poecile atricapillus
Boreal, Poecile hudsonica
Carolina, Poecile carolinensis
Chestnut-backed, Poecile rufescens
Gray-headed, Poecile cincta
Mexican, Poecile sclateri
Mountain, Poecile gambeli
CHUCK-WILL'S-WIDOW, Caprimulgus carolinensis
CONDOR, California, Gymnogyps californianus
COOT, American, Fulica americana
Caribbean, Fulica caribaea
Eurasian, Fulica atra
Hawaiian, Fulica alai
CORMORANT, Brandt's, Phalacrocorax penicillatus
Double-crested, Phalacrocorax auritus
Great, Phalacrocorax carbo
Little Pied, Phalacrocorax melanoleucos
Neotropic, Phalacrocorax brasilianus
[Olivaceous (see Neotropic)]
Pelagic, Phalacrocorax pelagicus
Red-faced, Phalacrocorax urile
COWBIRD, Bronzed, Molothrus aeneus
Brown-headed, Molothrus ater
Shiny, Molothrus bonariensis
CRAKE, Corn, Crex crex
Paint-billed, Neocrex erythrops
Spotless, Porzana tabuensis
Yellow-breasted, Porzana flaviventer
CRANE, Common, Grus grus
Sandhill, Grus canadensis
Whooping, Grus americana
CREEPER, Brown, Certhia americana
Hawaii, Oreomystis mana
CROSSBILL, Red, Loxia curvirostra
White-winged, Loxia leucoptera
CROW, American, Corvus brachyrhynchos
Fish, Corvus ossifragus
Hawaiian, Corvus hawaiiensis
Mariana, Corvus kubaryi
[Mexican (see Tamaulipas)]
Northwestern, Corvus caurinus
Tamaulipas, Corvus imparatus
White-necked, Corvus leucognaphalus
CUCKOO, Black-billed, Coccyzus erythropthalmus
Common, Cuculus canorus
Mangrove, Coccyzus minor
Oriental, Cuculus optatus
Yellow-billed, Coccyzus americanus
CURLEW, Bristle-thighed, Numenius tahitiensis
Eskimo, Numenius borealis
Eurasian, Numenius arquata
Far Eastern, Numenius madagascariensis
[Least (see Little)]
Little, Numenius minutus
Long-billed, Numenius americanus
DICKCISSEL, Spiza americana
DIPPER, American, Cinclus mexicanus
DOTTEREL, Eurasian, Charadrius morinellus
DOVE, Inca, Columbina inca
Mourning, Zenaida macroura
White-tipped, Leptotila verreauxi
White-winged, Zenaida asiatica
Zenaida, Zenaida aurita
DOVEKIE, Alle alle
DOWITCHER, Long-billed, Limnodromus scolopaceus
Short-billed, Limnodromus griseus
DUCK, American Black, Anas rubripes
Falcated, Anas falcata
Harlequin, Histrionicus histrionicus
Hawaiian, Anas wyvilliana
Laysan, Anas laysanensis
Long-tailed, Clangula hyemalis
Masked, Nomonyx dominicus
Mottled, Anas fulvigula
Muscovy, Cairina moschata
Pacific Black, Anas superciliosa
Ring-necked, Aythya collaris
Ruddy, Oxyura jamaicensis
Spot-billed, Anas poecilorhyncha
Tufted, Aythya fuligula
Wood, Aix sponsa
DUNLIN, Calidris alpina
EAGLE, Bald, Haliaeetus leucocephalus
Golden, Aquila chrysaetos
White-tailed, Haliaeetus albicilla
EGRET, Cattle, Bubulcus ibis
Chinese, Egretta eulophotes
Great, Ardea alba
Intermediate, Mesophoyx intermedia
Little, Egretta garzetta
[Plumed (see Intermediate)]
Reddish, Egretta rufescens
Snowy, Egretta thula
EIDER, Common, Somateria mollissima
King, Somateria spectabilis
Spectacled, Somateria fischeri
Steller's, Polysticta stelleri
ELAENIA, Caribbean, Elaenia martinica
Greenish, Myiopagis viridicata
EMERALD, Puerto Rican, Chlorostilbon maugaeus
EUPHONIA, Antillean, Euphonia musica
FALCON, Aplomado, Falco femoralis
Peregrine, Falco peregrinus
Prairie, Falco mexicanus
Red-Footed, Falco vespertinus
FIELDFARE, Turdus pilaris
FINCH, Cassin's, Carpodacus cassinii
House, Carpodacus mexicanus
Laysan, Telespiza cantans
Nihoa, Telespiza ultima
Purple, Carpodacus purpureus
[Rosy (see ROSY-FINCH)]
FLAMINGO, Greater, Phoenicopterus ruber
FLICKER, Gilded, Colaptes chrysoides
Northern, Colaptes auratus
FLYCATCHER, Acadian, Empidonax virescens
Alder, Empidonax alnorum
Ash-throated, Myiarchus cinerascens
Brown-crested, Myiarchus tyrannulus
Buff-breasted, Empidonax fulvifrons
Cordilleran, Empidonax occidentalis
Dusky, Empidonax oberholseri
Dusky-capped, Myiarchus tuberculifer
Fork-tailed, Tyrannus savana
Gray, Empidonax wrightii
[Gray-spotted (see Gray-streaked)]
Gray-streaked, Muscicapa griseisticta
Great Crested, Myiarchus crinitus
Hammond's, Empidonax hammondii
La Sagra's, Myiarchus sagrae
Least, Empidonax minimus
Narcissus, Ficedula narcissina
Nutting's, Myiarchus nuttingi
Olive-sided, Contopus cooperi
Pacific-slope, Empidonax difficilis
Piratic, Legatus leucophalus
Puerto Rican, Myiarchus antillarum
Scissor-tailed, Tyrannus forficatus
Social, Myiozetetes similis
Sulphur-bellied, Myiodynastes luteiventris
Tufted, Mitrephanes phaeocercus
Variegated, Empidonomus varius
Vermilion, Pyrocephalus rubinus
[Western (see Cordilleran and Pacific-slope)]
Willow, Empidonax traillii
Yellow-bellied, Empidonax flaviventris
FOREST-FALCON, Collared, Micrastur semitorquatus
FRIGATEBIRD, Great, Fregata minor
Lesser, Fregata ariel
Magnificent, Fregata magnificens
FROG-HAWK, Gray, Accipiter soloensis
FRUIT-DOVE, Crimson-crowned, Ptilinopus porphyraceus
Many-colored, Ptilinopus perousii
Mariana, Ptilinopus roseicapilla
FULMAR, Northern, Fulmarus glacialis
GADWALL, Anas strepera
GALLINULE, Azure, Porphyrio flavirostris
Purple, Porphyrio martinica
GANNET, Northern, Morus bassanus
GARGANEY, Anas querquedula
GNATCATCHER, Black-capped, Polioptila nigriceps
Black-tailed, Polioptila melanura
Blue-gray, Polioptila caerulea
California, Polioptila californica
GODWIT, Bar-tailed, Limosa lapponica
Black-tailed, Limosa limosa
Hudsonian, Limosa haemastica
Marbled, Limosa fedoa
GOLDEN-PLOVER, American, Pluvialis dominica
European, Pluvialis apricaria
[Lesser (see American)]
Pacific, Pluvialis fulva
GOLDENEYE, Barrow's, Bucephala islandica
Common, Bucephala clangula
GOLDFINCH, American, Carduelis tristis
Lawrence's, Carduelis lawrencei
Lesser, Carduelis psaltria
GOOSE, Barnacle, Branta leucopsis
[Bean, (see BEAN-GOOSE, Taiga)]
Canada, Branta canadensis (including Cackling Goose, Branta hutchinsii)
Emperor, Chen canagica
Greater White-fronted, Anser albifrons
Hawaiian, Branta sandvicensis
Lesser White-fronted, Anser erythropus
Ross's, Chen rossii
Snow, Chen caerulescens
GOSHAWK, Northern, Accipiter gentilis
GRACKLE, Boat-tailed, Quiscalus major
Common, Quiscalus quiscula
Great-tailed, Quiscalus mexicanus
Greater Antillean, Quiscalus niger
GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER, Middendorff's, Locustella ochotensis
GRASSQUIT, Black-faced, Tiaris bicolor
Yellow-faced, Tiaris olivaceus
GREBE, Clark's, Aechmophorus clarkii
Eared, Podiceps nigricollis
Horned, Podiceps auritus
Least, Tachybaptus dominicus
Pied-billed, Podilymbus podiceps
Red-necked, Podiceps grisegena
Western, Aechmophorus occidentalis
GREENFINCH, Oriental, Carduelis sinica
GREENSHANK, Common, Tringa nebularia
Nordmann's, Tringa guttifer
GROSBEAK, Black-headed, Pheucticus melanocephalus
Blue, Passerina caerulea
Crimson-collared, Rhodothraupis celaeno
Evening, Coccothraustes vespertinus
Pine, Pinicola enucleator
Rose-breasted, Pheucticus ludovicianus
Yellow, Pheucticus chrysopeplus
GROUND-DOVE, Common, Columbina passerina
Friendly, Gallicolumba stairi
Ruddy, Columbina talpacoti
White-throated, Gallicolumba xanthonura
GUILLEMOT, Black, Cepphus grylle
Pigeon, Cepphus columba
GULL, Belcher's, Larus belcheri
Black-headed, Larus ridibundus
Black-tailed, Larus crassirostris
Bonaparte's, Larus philadelphia
California, Larus californicus
[Common Black-headed (see Black-headed)]
Franklin's, Larus pipixcan
Glaucous, Larus hyperboreus
Glaucous-winged, Larus glaucescens
Gray-hooded, Larus cirrocephalus
Great Black-backed, Larus marinus
Heermann's, Larus heermanni
Herring, Larus argentatus
Iceland, Larus glaucoides
Ivory, Pagophila eburnea
Kelp, Larus dominicanus
Laughing, Larus atricilla
Lesser Black-backed, Larus fuscus
Little, Larus minutus
Mew, Larus canus
Ring-billed, Larus delawarensis
Ross's, Rhodostethia rosea
Sabine's, Xema sabini
Slaty-backed, Larus schistisagus
Thayer's, Larus thayeri
Western, Larus occidentalis
Yellow-footed, Larus livens
Yellow-legged, Larus michahellis
GYRFALCON, Falco rusticolus
HARRIER, Northern, Circus cyaneus
HAWFINCH, Coccothraustes coccothraustes
HAWK, [Asiatic Sparrow (see SPARROWHAWK, Japanese)]
Broad-winged, Buteo platypterus
Cooper's, Accipiter cooperii
Crane, Geranospiza caerulescens
Ferruginous, Buteo regalis
Gray, Buteo nitidus
Harris's, Parabuteo unicinctus
Hawaiian, Buteo solitarius
Red-shouldered, Buteo lineatus
Red-tailed, Buteo jamaicensis
Roadside, Buteo magnirostris
Rough-legged, Buteo lagopus
Sharp-shinned, Accipiter striatus
Short-tailed, Buteo brachyurus
Swainson's, Buteo swainsoni
White-tailed, Buteo albicaudatus
Zone-tailed, Buteo albonotatus
HAWK-CUCKOO, Hodgson's, Cuculus fugax
[HAWK-OWL, Northern (see OWL, Northern Hawk)]
HERON, Gray, Ardea cinerea
Great Blue, Ardea herodias
Green, Butorides virescens
[Green-backed (see Green)]
Little Blue, Egretta caerulea
[Pacific Reef (see REEF-EGRET, Pacific)]
Tricolored, Egretta tricolor
HOBBY, Eurasian, Falco subbuteo
HOOPOE, Eurasian, Upupa epops
HOUSE-MARTIN, Common, Delichon urbicum
HUMMINGBIRD, Allen's, Selasphorus sasin
Anna's, Calypte anna
Antillean Crested, Orthorhyncus cristatus
Berylline, Amazilia beryllina
Black-chinned, Archilochus alexandri
Blue-throated, Lampornis clemenciae
Broad-billed, Cynanthus latirostris
Broad-tailed, Selasphorus platycercus
Buff-bellied, Amazilia yucatanensis
Bumblebee, Atthis heloisa
Calliope, Stellula calliope
Cinnamon, Amazilia rutila
Costa's, Calypte costae
Lucifer, Calothorax lucifer
Magnificent, Eugenes fulgens
Ruby-throated, Archilochus colubris
Rufous, Selasphorus rufus
Violet-crowned, Amazilia violiceps
White-eared, Hylocharis leucotis
Xantus's, Hylocharis xantusii
IBIS, Glossy, Plegadis falcinellus
Scarlet, Eudocimus ruber
White, Eudocimus albus
White-faced, Plegadis chihi
IIWI, Vestiaria coccinea
IMPERIAL-PIGEON, Pacific, Ducula pacifica
JABIRU, Jabiru mycteria
JACANA, Northern, Jacana spinosa
JAEGER, Long-tailed, Stercorarius longicaudus
Parasitic, Stercorarius parasiticus
Pomarine, Stercorarius pomarinus
JAY, Blue, Cyanocitta cristata
Brown, Cyanocorax morio
Gray, Perisoreus canadensis
[Gray-breasted (see Mexican)]
Green, Cyanocorax yncas
Mexican, Aphelocoma ultramarina
Pinyon, Gymnorhinus cyanocephalus
[Scrub (see SCRUB-JAY)]
Steller's, Cyanocitta stelleri
JUNCO, Dark-eyed, Junco hyemalis
Yellow-eyed, Junco phaeonotus
KAKAWAHIE, Paroreomyza flammea
KAMAO, Myadestes myadestinus
KESTREL, American, Falco sparverius
Eurasian, Falco tinnunculus
KILLDEER, Charadrius vociferus
KINGBIRD, Cassin's, Tyrannus vociferans
Couch's, Tyrannus couchii
Eastern, Tyrannus tyrannus
Gray, Tyrannus dominicensis
Loggerhead, Tyrannus caudifasciatus
Thick-billed, Tyrannus crassirostris
Tropical, Tyrannus melancholicus
Western, Tyrannus verticalis
KINGFISHER, Belted, Megaceryle alcyon
Collared, Todirhamphus chloris
Green, Chloroceryle americana
Micronesian, Todirhamphus cinnamominus
Ringed, Megaceryle torquata
KINGLET, Golden-crowned, Regulus satrapa
Ruby-crowned, Regulus calendula
KISKADEE, Great, Pitangus sulphuratus
KITE, [American Swallow-tailed (see Swallow-tailed)]
Black, Milvus migrans
[Black-shouldered (see White-tailed)]
Hook-billed, Chondrohierax uncinatus
Mississippi, Ictinia mississippiensis
Snail, Rostrhamus sociabilis
Swallow-tailed, Elanoides forficatus
White-tailed, Elanus leucurus
KITTIWAKE, Black-legged, Rissa tridactyla
Red-legged, Rissa brevirostris
KNOT, Great, Calidris tenuirostris
Red, Calidris canutus
LAPWING, Northern, Vanellus vanellus
LARK, Horned, Eremophila alpestris
Sky, Alauda arvensis
LIMPKIN, Aramus guarauna
LIZARD-CUCKOO, Puerto Rican, Coccyzus vieilloti
LONGSPUR, Chestnut-collared, Calcarius ornatus
Lapland, Calcarius lapponicus
McCown's, Calcarius mccownii
Smith's, Calcarius pictus
LOON, Arctic, Gavia arctica
Common, Gavia immer
Pacific, Gavia pacifica
Red-throated, Gavia stellata
Yellow-billed, Gavia adamsii
MAGPIE, Black-billed, Pica hudsonia
Yellow-billed, Pica nuttalli
MALLARD, Anas platyrhynchos
MANGO, Antillean, Anthracothorax dominicus
Green, Anthracothorax viridis
Green-breasted, Anthracothorax prevostii
MARTIN, Brown-chested, Progne tapera
Caribbean, Progne dominicensis
Cuban, Progne cryptoleuca
Gray-breasted, Progne chalybea
Purple, Progne subis
Southern, Progne elegans
MEADOWLARK, Eastern, Sturnella magna
Western, Sturnella neglecta
MERGANSER, Common, Mergus merganser
Hooded, Lophodytes cucullatus
Red-breasted, Mergus serrator
MERLIN, Falco columbarius
MILLERBIRD, Acrocephalus familiaris
MOCKINGBIRD, Bahama, Mimus gundlachii
Blue, Melanotis caerulescens
Northern, Mimus polyglottos
MOORHEN, Common, Gallinula chloropus
MURRE, Common, Uria aalge
Thick-billed, Uria lomvia
MURRELET, Ancient, Synthliboramphus antiquus
Craveri's, Synthliboramphus craveri
Kittlitz's, Brachyramphus brevirostris
Long-billed, Brachyramphus perdix
Marbled, Brachyramphus marmoratus
Xantus's, Synthliboramphus hypoleucus
NEEDLETAIL, White-throated, Hirundapus caudacutus
NIGHT-HERON, Black-crowned, Nycticorax nycticorax
Japanese, Gorsachius goisagi
[Malay (see Malayan)]
Malayan, Gorsachius melanolophus
Yellow-crowned, Nyctanassa violacea
NIGHTHAWK, Antillean, Chordeiles gundlachii
Common, Chordeiles minor
Lesser, Chordeiles acutipennis
NIGHTINGALE-THRUSH, Black-headed, Catharus mexicanus
Orange-billed, Catharus aurantiirostris
NIGHTJAR, Buff-collared, Caprimulgus ridgwayi
Gray, Caprimulgus indicus
[Jungle (see Gray)]
Puerto Rican, Caprimulgus noctitherus
NODDY, Black, Anous minutus
Blue-gray, Procelsterna cerulea
Brown, Anous stolidus
[Lesser (see Black)]
NUKUPUU, Hemignathus lucidus
NUTCRACKER, Clark's, Nucifraga columbiana
NUTHATCH, Brown-headed, Sitta pusilla
Pygmy, Sitta pygmaea
Red-breasted, Sitta canadensis
White-breasted, Sitta carolinensis
[OLDSQUAW (see DUCK, Long-tailed)]
OLOMAO, Myadestes lanaiensis
OMAO, Myadestes obscurus
ORIOLE, Altamira, Icterus gularis
Audubon's, Icterus graduacauda
Baltimore, Icterus galbula
[Black-cowled (see Greater Antillean)]
Black-vented, Icterus wagleri
Bullock's, Icterus bullockii
Greater Antillean, Icterus dominicensis
Hooded, Icterus cucullatus
[Northern (see Baltimore and Bullock's)]
Orchard, Icterus spurius
Scott's, Icterus parisorum
Streak-backed, Icterus pustulatus
OSPREY, Pandion haliaetus
OU, Psittirostra psittacea
OVENBIRD, Seiurus aurocapilla
OWL, Barn, Tyto alba
Barred, Strix varia
Boreal, Aegolius funereus
Burrowing, Athene cunicularia
Elf, Micrathene whitneyi
Flammulated, Otus flammeolus
Great Gray, Strix nebulosa
Great Horned, Bubo virginianus
Long-eared, Asio otus
Mottled, Ciccaba virgata
Northern Hawk, Surnia ulula
Northern Saw-whet, Aegolius acadicus
Short-eared, Asio flammeus
Snowy, Bubo scandiacus
Spotted, Strix occidentalis
Stygian, Asio stygius
OYSTERCATCHER, American, Haematopus palliatus
Black, Haematopus bachmani
Eurasian, Haematopus ostralegus
PALILA, Loxioides bailleui
PALM-SWIFT, Antillean, Tachornis phoenicobia
PARROTBILL, Maui, Pseudonestor xanthophrys
PARULA, Northern, Parula americana
Tropical, Parula pitiayumi
PAURAQUE, Common, Nyctidromus albicollis
PELICAN, American White, Pelecanus erythrorhynchos
Brown, Pelecanus occidentalis
PETREL, Bermuda, Pterodroma cahow
Black-capped, Pterodroma hasitata
Black-winged, Pterodroma nigripennis
Bonin, Pterodroma hypoleuca
Bulwer's, Bulweria bulwerii
Cook's, Pterodroma cookii
[Dark-rumped (see Hawaiian)]
Gould's, Pterodroma leucoptera
Great-winged, Pterodroma macroptera
Hawaiian, Pterodroma sandwichensis
Herald, Pterodroma arminjoniana
Jouanin's, Bulweria fallax
Juan Fernandez, Pterodroma externa
Kermadec, Pterodroma neglecta
Mottled, Pterodroma inexpectata
Murphy's, Pterodroma ultima
Phoenix, Pterodroma alba
Stejneger's, Pterodroma longirostris
Tahiti, Pterodroma rostrata
White-necked, Pterodroma cervicalis
[White-necked, Pterodroma externa (see Petrel, Juan Fernandez)]
PEWEE, Cuban, Contopus caribaeus
Greater, Contopus pertinax
Hispaniolan, Contopus hispaniolensis
Lesser Antillean, Contopus latirostris
PHAINOPEPLA, Phainopepla nitens
PHALAROPE, Red, Phalaropus fulicarius
Red-necked, Phalaropus lobatus
Wilson's, Phalaropus tricolor
PHOEBE, Black, Sayornis nigricans
Eastern, Sayornis phoebe
Say's, Sayornis saya
PIGEON, Band-tailed, Patagioenas fasciata
Plain, Patagioenas inornata
Red-billed, Patagioenas flavirostris
Scaly-naped, Patagioenas squamosa
White-crowned, Patagioenas leucocephala
PINTAIL, Northern, Anas acuta
White-cheeked, Anas bahamensis
PIPIT, American, Anthus rubescens
Olive-backed, Anthus hodgsoni
Pechora, Anthus gustavi
Red-throated, Anthus cervinus
Sprague's, Anthus spragueii
Tree, Anthus trivialis
[Water (see American)]
PLOVER, Black-bellied, Pluvialis squatarola
Collared, Charadrius collaris
Common Ringed, Charadrius hiaticula
[Great Sand (see Sand-Plover, Greater)]
Little Ringed, Charadrius dubius
[Mongolian (see Sand-Plover, Lesser)]
Mountain, Charadrius montanus
Piping, Charadrius melodus
Semipalmated, Charadrius semipalmatus
Snowy, Charadrius alexandrinus
Wilson's, Charadrius wilsonia
POCHARD, Baer's, Aythya baeri
Common, Aythya ferina
POND-HERON, Chinese, Ardeola bacchus
POORWILL, Common, Phalaenoptilus nuttallii
POO-ULI, Melamprosops phaeosoma
PUAIOHI, Myadestes palmeri
PUFFIN, Atlantic, Fratercula arctica
Horned, Fratercula corniculata
Tufted, Fratercula cirrhata
PYGMY-OWL, Ferruginous, Glaucidium brasilianum
Northern, Glaucidium gnoma
PYRRHULOXIA, Cardinalis sinuatus
QUAIL-DOVE, Bridled, Geotrygon mystacea
Key West, Geotrygon chrysia
Ruddy, Geotrygon montana
QUETZEL, Eared, Euptilotis neoxenus
RAIL, Black, Laterallus jamaicensis
Buff-banded, Gallirallus philippensis
Clapper, Rallus longirostris
Guam, Gallirallus owstoni
King, Rallus elegans
Spotted, Pardirallus maculatus
Virginia, Rallus limicola
Yellow, Coturnicops noveboracensis
RAVEN, Chihuahuan, Corvus cryptoleucus
Common, Corvus corax
RAZORBILL, Alca torda
REDHEAD, Aythya americana
REDPOLL, Common, Carduelis flammea
Hoary, Carduelis hornemanni
REDSHANK, Spotted, Tringa erythropus
REDSTART, American, Setophaga ruticilla
Painted, Myioborus pictus
Slate-throated, Myioborus miniatus
[REED-BUNTING, Common (see BUNTING, Reed)]
[Pallas' (see BUNTING, Pallas's)]
REED-WARBLER, Nightingale, Acrocephalus luscinia
REEF-EGRET, Pacific, Egretta sacra
REEF-HERON, Western, Egretta gularis
ROADRUNNER, Greater, Geococcyx californianus
ROBIN, American, Turdus migratorius
Clay-colored, Turdus grayi
Rufous-backed, Turdus rufopalliatus
Siberian Blue, Luscinia cyane
White-throated, Turdus assimilis
ROSEFINCH, Common, Carpodacus erythrinus
ROSY-FINCH, Black, Leucosticte atrata
Brown-capped, Leucosticte australis
Gray-crowned, Leucosticte tephrocotis
RUBYTHROAT, Siberian, Luscinia calliope
RUFF, Philomachus pugnax
SANDERLING, Calidris alba
SANDPIPER, Baird's, Calidris bairdii
Broad-billed, Limicola falcinellus
Buff-breasted, Tryngites subruficollis
Common, Actitis hypoleucos
Curlew, Calidris ferruginea
Green, Tringa ochropus
Least, Calidris minutilla
Marsh, Tringa stagnatilis
Pectoral, Calidris melanotos
Purple, Calidris maritima
Rock, Calidris ptilocnemis
Semipalmated, Calidris pusilla
Sharp-tailed, Calidris acuminata
Solitary, Tringa solitaria
[Spoonbill (see Spoon-billed)]
Spoon-billed, Eurynorhynchus pygmeus
Spotted, Actitis macularius
Stilt, Calidris himantopus
Terek, Xenus cinereus
Upland, Bartramia longicauda
Western, Calidris mauri
White-rumped, Calidris fuscicollis
Wood, Tringa glareola
SAND-PLOVER, Greater, Charadrius leschenaultii
Lesser, Charadrius mongolus
SAPSUCKER, Red-breasted, Sphyrapicus ruber
Red-naped, Sphyrapicus nuchalis
Williamson's, Sphyrapicus thyroideus
Yellow-bellied, Sphyrapicus varius
SCAUP, Greater, Aythya marila
Lesser, Aythya affinis
SCOPS-OWL, Oriental, Otus sunia
SCOTER, Black, Melanitta nigra
Surf, Melanitta perspicillata
White-winged, Melanitta fusca
SCREECH-OWL, Eastern, Megascops asio
Puerto Rican, Megascops nudipes
Western, Megascops kennicottii
Whiskered, Megascops trichopsis
SCRUB-JAY, Florida, Aphelocoma coerulescens
Island, Aphelocoma insularis
Western, Aphelocoma californica
SEA-EAGLE, Steller's, Haliaeetus pelagicus
SEEDEATER, White-collared, Sporophila torqueola
SHEARWATER, Audubon's, Puffinus lherminieri
Black-vented, Puffinus opisthomelas
Buller's, Puffinus bulleri
Cape Verde, Calonectris edwardsii
Christmas, Puffinus nativitatis
Cory's, Calonectris diomedea
Flesh-footed, Puffinus carneipes
Greater, Puffinus gravis
Little, Puffinus assimilis
Manx, Puffinus puffinus
Pink-footed, Puffinus creatopus
Short-tailed, Puffinus tenuirostris
Sooty, Puffinus griseus
Streaked, Calonectris leucomelas
Townsend's, Puffinus auricularis
Wedge-tailed, Puffinus pacificus
SHOVELER, Northern, Anas clypeata
SHRIKE, Brown, Lanius cristatus
Loggerhead, Lanius ludovicianus
Northern, Lanius excubitor
SILKY-FLYCATCHER, Gray, Ptilogonys cinereus
SISKIN, Eurasian, Carduelis spinus
Pine, Carduelis pinus
SKIMMER, Black, Rynchops niger
SKUA, Great, Stercorarius skua
South Polar, Stercorarius maccormicki
[SKYLARK, Eurasian (see LARK, Sky)]
SMEW, Mergellus albellus
SNIPE, Common, Gallinago gallinago (rare in western Alaska; also see SNIPE, Wilson's)
Jack, Lymnocryptes minimus
Pin-tailed, Gallinago stenura
Swinhoe's, Gallinago megala
Wilson's, Gallinago delicata (the “common” snipe hunted in most of the U.S.)
SOLITAIRE, Townsend's, Myadestes townsendi
SORA, Porzana carolina
SPARROW, American Tree, Spizella arborea
Bachman's, Aimophila aestivalis
Baird's, Ammodramus bairdii
Black-chinned, Spizella atrogularis
Black-throated, Amphispiza bilineata
Botteri's, Aimophila botterii
Brewer's, Spizella breweri
Cassin's, Aimophila cassinii
Chipping, Spizella passerina
Clay-colored, Spizella pallida
Field, Spizella pusilla
Five-striped, Aimophila quinquestriata
Fox, Passerella iliaca
Golden-crowned, Zonotrichia atricapilla
Grasshopper, Ammodramus savannarum
Harris's, Zonotrichia querula
Henslow's, Ammodramus henslowii
Lark, Chondestes grammacus
Le Conte's, Ammodramus leconteii
Lincoln's, Melospiza lincolnii
Nelson's Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus nelsoni
Olive, Arremonops rufivirgatus
Rufous-crowned, Aimophila ruficeps
Rufous-winged, Aimophila carpalis
Sage, Amphispiza belli
Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed, Ammodramus caudacutus
Savannah, Passerculus sandwichensis
Seaside, Ammodramus maritimus
[Sharp-tailed (see Nelson's Sharp-tailed and Saltmarsh Sharp-tailed)]
Song, Melospiza melodia
Swamp, Melospiza georgiana
Vesper, Pooecetes gramineus
White-crowned, Zonotrichia leucophrys
White-throated, Zonotrichia albicollis
Worthen's, Spizella wortheni
SPARROWHAWK, Japanese, Accipiter gularis
SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican, Spindalis portoricensis
Western, Spindalis zena
SPOONBILL, Roseate, Platalea ajaja
STARLING, [Ashy (see White-cheeked)]
Chestnut-cheeked, Sturnus philippensis
[Violet-backed (see Chestnut-cheeked)]
White-cheeked, Sturnus cineraceus
STARTHROAT, Plain-capped, Heliomaster constantii
STILT, Black-necked, Himantopus mexicanus
Black-winged, Himantopus himantopus
STINT, Little, Calidris minuta
Long-toed, Calidris subminuta
Red-necked, Calidris ruficollis
[Rufous-necked (see Red-necked)]
Temminck's, Calidris temminckii
STONECHAT, Saxicola torquatus
STORK, Wood, Mycteria americana
STORM-PETREL, Ashy, Oceanodroma homochroa
Band-rumped, Oceanodroma castro
Black, Oceanodroma melania
Black-bellied, Fregetta tropica
Fork-tailed, Oceanodroma furcata
Leach's, Oceanodroma leucorhoa
Least, Oceanodroma microsoma
Matsudaira's, Oceanodroma matsudairae
Polynesian, Nesofregata fuliginosa
Ringed, Oceanodroma hornbyi
[Sooty (see Tristram's)]
Tristram's, Oceanodroma tristrami
Wedge-rumped, Oceanodroma tethys
White-faced, Pelagodroma marina
White-bellied, Fregetta grallaria
Wilson's, Oceanites oceanicus
SURFBIRD, Aphriza virgata
SWALLOW, Bahama, Tachycineta cyaneoviridis
Bank, Riparia riparia
Barn, Hirundo rustica
Cave, Petrochelidon fulva
Cliff, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota
Mangrove, Tachycineta albilinea
Northern Rough-winged, Stelgidopteryx serripennis
Tree, Tachycineta bicolor
Violet-green, Tachycineta thalassina
SWAMPHEN, Purple, Porphyrio porphyrio
SWAN, Trumpeter, Cygnus buccinator
Tundra, Cygnus columbianus
Whooper, Cygnus cygnus
SWIFT, Alpine, Apus melba
[Antillean Palm (see PALM-SWIFT, Antillean)]
Black, Cypseloides niger
Chimney, Chaetura pelagica
Common, Apus apus
Fork-tailed, Apus pacificus
Short-tailed, Chaetura brachyura
Vaux's, Chaetura vauxi
White-collared, Streptoprocne zonaris
White-throated, Aeronautes saxatalis
SWIFTLET, Mariana, Aerodramus bartschi
White-rumped, Aerodramus spodiopygius
TANAGER, Flame-colored, Piranga bidentata
Hepatic, Piranga flava
Puerto Rican, Nesospingus speculiferus
Scarlet, Piranga olivacea
[Stripe-headed (see SPINDALIS, Puerto Rican and Western)]
Summer, Piranga rubra
Western, Piranga ludoviciana
TATTLER, Gray-tailed, Tringa brevipes
Wandering, Tringa incana
TEAL, Baikal, Anas formosa
Blue-winged, Anas discors
Cinnamon, Anas cyanoptera
[Falcated (see DUCK, Falcated)]
Green-winged, Anas crecca
TERN, Aleutian, Onychoprion aleuticus
Arctic, Sterna paradisaea
Black, Chlidonias niger
Black-naped, Sterna sumatrana
Bridled, Onychoprion anaethetus
Caspian, Hydroprogne caspia
Common, Sterna hirundo
Elegant, Thalasseus elegans
Forster's, Sterna forsteri
Gray-backed, Onychoprion lunatus
Great Crested, Thalasseus bergii
Gull-billed, Gelochelidon nilotica
Large-billed, Phaetusa simplex
Least, Sternula antillarum
Little, Sternula albifrons
Roseate, Sterna dougallii
Royal, Thalleseus maximus
Sandwich, Thalleseus sandvicensis
Sooty, Onychoprion fuscatus
Whiskered, Chlidonias hybrida
White, Gygis alba
White-winged, Chlidonias leucopterus
THRASHER, Bendire's, Toxostoma bendirei
Brown, Toxostoma rufum
California, Toxostoma redivivum
Crissal, Toxostoma crissale
Curve-billed, Toxostoma curvirostre
Le Conte's, Toxostoma lecontei
Long-billed, Toxostoma longirostre
Pearly-eyed, Margarops fuscatus
Sage, Oreoscoptes montanus
THRUSH, Aztec, Ridgwayia pinicola
Bicknell's, Catharus bicknelli
Blue Rock, Monticola solitarius
Dusky, Turdus naumanni
Eyebrowed, Turdus obscurus
Gray-cheeked, Catharus minimus
[Hawaiian (see KAMAO, OLOMAO, and OMAO)]
Hermit, Catharus guttatus
Red-legged, Turdus plumbeus
[Small Kauai (see PUAIOHI)]
Swainson's, Catharus ustulatus
Varied, Ixoreus naevius
Wood, Hylocichla mustelina
[TIT, Siberian (see CHICKADEE, Gray-headed)]
TITMOUSE, Black-crested, Baeolophus atricristatus
Bridled, Baeolophus wollweberi
Juniper, Baeolophus ridgwayi
Oak, Baeolophus inornatus
[Plain (see Juniper and Oak)]
Tufted, Baeolophus bicolor
TITYRA, Masked, Tityra semifasciata
TOWHEE, Abert's, Pipilo aberti
[Brown (see California and Canyon)]
California, Pipilo crissalis
Canyon, Pipilo fuscus
Eastern, Pipilo erythrophthalmus
Green-tailed, Pipilo chlorurus
[Rufous-sided (see Eastern and Spotted)]
Spotted, Pipilo maculatus
[TREE-PIPIT, Olive (see PIPIT, Olive-backed)]
TROGON, [Eared (see QUETZEL, Eared)]
Elegant, Trogon elegans
TROPICBIRD, Red-billed, Phaethon aethereus
Red-tailed, Phaethon rubricauda
White-tailed, Phaethon lepturus
TURNSTONE, Black, Arenaria melanocephala
Ruddy, Arenaria interpres
TURTLE-DOVE, Oriental, Streptopelia orientalis
VEERY, Catharus fuscescens
VERDIN, Auriparus flaviceps
VIOLET-EAR, Green, Colibri thalassinus
VIREO, Bell's, Vireo bellii
Black-capped, Vireo atricapillus