600.113-93—Fuel economy calculations.
The Administrator will use the calculation procedure set forth in this paragraph for all official EPA testing of vehicles fueled with gasoline, diesel, methanol or natural gas fuel. The calculations of the weighted fuel economy values require input of the weighted grams/mile values for total hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2 ); and, additionally for methanol-fueled automobiles, methanol (CH3 OH) and formaldehyde (HCHO); and additionally for natural gas-fueled vehicles non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and methane (CH4) for both the city fuel economy test and the highway fuel economy test. Additionally, the specific gravity, carbon weight fraction and net heating value of the test fuel must be determined. The city and highway fuel economy values shall be calculated as specified in this section. A sample appears in appendix II to this part.
(a)
Calculate the weighted grams/mile values for the city fuel economy test for HC, CO and CO2; and, additionally for methanol-fueled automobiles, CH3 OH and HCHO; and additionally for natural gas-fueled automobiles NMHC and CH4 as specified in § 86.144 of this chapter. Measure and record the test fuel's properties as specified in paragraph (c) of this section.
(b)
(1)
Calculate the mass values for the highway fuel economy test for HC, CO and CO2, and where applicable CH3 OH, HCHO, NMHC and CH4 as specified in § 86.144(b) of this chapter. Measure and record the test fuel's properties as specified in paragraph (c) of this section.
(2)
Calculate the grams/mile values for the highway fuel economy test for HC, CO and CO2, and where applicable CH3 OH, HCHO, NMHC and CH4 by dividing the mass values obtained in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, by the actual distance traveled, measured in miles, as specified in § 86.135(h) of this chapter.
(c)
(1)
Gasoline test fuel properties shall be determined by analysis of a fuel sample taken from the fuel supply. A sample shall be taken after each addition of fresh fuel to the fuel supply. Additionally, the fuel shall be resampled once a month to account for any fuel property changes during storage. Less frequent resampling may be permitted if EPA concludes, on the basis of manufacturer-supplied data, that the properties of test fuel in the manufacturer's storage facility will remain stable for a period longer than one month. The fuel samples shall be analyzed to determine the following fuel properties:
(ii)
Carbon weight fraction per ASTM D 3343 (Incorporated by reference as specified in § 600.011-93 ).
(iii)
Net heating value (Btu/lb) per ASTM D 3338 (Incorporated by reference as specified in § 600.011-93 ).
(B)
ASTM D 1298 (incorporated by reference as specified in § 600.011-93) for the gasoline fuel component and also for the methanol fuel component and combining as follows:
Code of Federal Regulations
Code of Federal Regulations
Where:
CWFg=Carbon weight fraction of gasoline portion of blend per ASTM D 3343 (incorporated by reference as specified in § 600.011-93).
MFg=Mass fraction gasoline=(GxSGg)/(GxSGg MxSGm)
MFm=Mass fraction methanol=(MxSGm)/(GxSGg MxSGm)
Where:
G=Volume fraction gasoline
M=Volume fraction methanol
SGg=Specific gravity of gasoline as measured by ASTM D 1298 (Incorporated by reference as specified in § 600.011-93).
SGm=Specific gravity of methanol as measured by ASTM D 1298 (Incorporated by reference as specified in § 600.011-93).
(B)
Upon the approval of the Administrator, other procedures to measure the carbon weight fraction of the fuel blend may be used if the manufacturer can show that the procedures are superior to or equally as accurate as those specified in this paragraph (c)(2)(ii).
(iii)
Net heating value (BTU/lb) per ASTM D 240 (Incorporated by reference as specified in § 600.011-93 ).
(i)
Fuel composition per ASTM D 1945-91, Standard Test Method for Analysis of Natural Gas By Gas Chromatography. This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies may be obtained from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. Copies may be inspected at U.S. EPA, OAR, 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460, or at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to: http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html.
(iii)
Carbon weight fraction based on the carbon contained only in the HC constituents of the fuel=weight of carbon in HC constituents divided by the total weight of fuel.
(iv)
Carbon weight fraction of fuel=total weight of carbon in the fuel (i.e., includes carbon contained in HC and in CO2) divided by total weight of fuel.
(d)
Calculate the city fuel economy and highway fuel economy from the grams/mile values for total HC, CO, CO2 and, where applicable, CH3, OH, HCHO, NMHC and CH4 and, the test fuel's specific gravity, carbon weight fraction, net heating value, and additionally for natural gas, the test fuel's composition. The emission values (obtained per paragraph (a) or (b) of this section, as applicable) used in each calculation of this section shall be rounded in accordance with 40 CFR 86.084-26(a)(6)(iii) or CFR 86.1837-01 as applicable. The CO2 values (obtained per paragraph (a) or (b) of this section, as applicable) used in each calculation of this section shall be rounded to the nearest gram/mile. The specific gravity and the carbon weight fraction (obtained per paragraph (c) of this section) shall be recorded using three places to the right of the decimal point. The net heating value (obtained per paragraph (c) of this section) shall be recorded to the nearest whole Btu/lb.
(e)
(1)
For gasoline-fueled automobiles, the fuel economy in miles per gallon is to be calculated using the following equation:
Code of Federal Regulations
Where:
HC=Grams/mile HC as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
CO=Grams/mile CO as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
CO2=Grams/mile CO2 as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
CWF=Carbon weight fraction of test fuel as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
NHV=Net heating value by mass of test fuel as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
SG=Specific gravity of test fuel as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
(f)
(1)
For diesel-fueled automobiles, calculate the fuel economy in miles per gallon of diesel fuel by dividing 2778 by the sum of three terms:
(g)
For methanol-fueled automobiles and automobiles designed to operate on mixtures of gasoline and methanol, the fuel economy in miles per gallon is to be calculated using the following equation:
Code of Federal Regulations
Where:
CWF=Carbon weight fraction of the fuel as determined in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section.
SG=Specific gravity of the fuel as determined in paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section.
CWFexHC=Carbon weight fraction of exhaust hydrocarbons= CWFg as determined in (c)(2)(ii) of this section (for M100 fuel, CWFexHC=0.866).
HC=Grams/mile HC as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
CO=Grams/mile CO as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
CO2=Grams/mile CO2 as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
CH3 OH=Grams/mile CH3 OH (methanol) as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
HCHO=Grams/mile HCHO (formaldehyde) as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
(h)
For automobiles fueled with natural gas, the fuel economy in miles per gallon of natural gas is to be calculated using the following equation:
Where:
mpge=miles per equivalent gallon of natural gas.
CWFHC/NG=carbon weight fraction based on the hydrocarbon constituents in the natural gas fuel as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
DNG=density of the natural gas fuel [grams/ft3 at 68 °F (20 °C) and 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa)] pressure as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
CH4, NMHC, CO, and CO2=weighted mass exhaust emissions [grams/mile] for methane, non-methane HC, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide as calculated in § 600.113.
CWFNMHC=carbon weight fraction of the non-methane HC constituents in the fuel as determined from the speciated fuel composition per paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
CO2NG=grams of carbon dioxide in the natural gas fuel consumed per mile of travel.
CO2NG=FCNG DNG WFCO2
where:
where:
CWFNG=the carbon weight fraction of the natural gas fuel as calculated in paragraph (d) of this section.
WFCO2=weight fraction carbon dioxide of the natural gas fuel calculated using the mole fractions and molecular weights of the natural gas fuel constituents per ASTM D 1945.
Code of Federal Regulations
The Administrator will use the calculation procedure set forth in this paragraph for all official EPA testing of vehicles fueled with gasoline, diesel, methanol or natural gas fuel. The calculations of the weighted fuel economy values require input of the weighted grams/mile values for total hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), and carbon dioxide (CO2 ); and, additionally for methanol-fueled automobiles, methanol (CH3 OH) and formaldehyde (HCHO); and additionally for natural gas-fueled vehicles non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) and methane (CH4) for both the city fuel economy test and the highway fuel economy test. Additionally, the specific gravity, carbon weight fraction and net heating value of the test fuel must be determined. The city and highway fuel economy values shall be calculated as specified in this section. A sample appears in appendix II to this part.
(a)
Calculate the weighted grams/mile values for the city fuel economy test for HC, CO and CO2; and, additionally for methanol-fueled automobiles, CH3 OH and HCHO; and additionally for natural gas-fueled automobiles NMHC and CH4 as specified in § 86.144 of this chapter. Measure and record the test fuel's properties as specified in paragraph (c) of this section.
(b)
(1)
Calculate the mass values for the highway fuel economy test for HC, CO and CO2, and where applicable CH3 OH, HCHO, NMHC and CH4 as specified in § 86.144(b) of this chapter. Measure and record the test fuel's properties as specified in paragraph (c) of this section.
(2)
Calculate the grams/mile values for the highway fuel economy test for HC, CO and CO2, and where applicable CH3 OH, HCHO, NMHC and CH4 by dividing the mass values obtained in paragraph (b)(1) of this section, by the actual distance traveled, measured in miles, as specified in § 86.135(h) of this chapter.
(c)
(1)
Gasoline test fuel properties shall be determined by analysis of a fuel sample taken from the fuel supply. A sample shall be taken after each addition of fresh fuel to the fuel supply. Additionally, the fuel shall be resampled once a month to account for any fuel property changes during storage. Less frequent resampling may be permitted if EPA concludes, on the basis of manufacturer-supplied data, that the properties of test fuel in the manufacturer's storage facility will remain stable for a period longer than one month. The fuel samples shall be analyzed to determine the following fuel properties:
(ii)
Carbon weight fraction per ASTM D 3343 (Incorporated by reference as specified in § 600.011-93 ).
(iii)
Net heating value (Btu/lb) per ASTM D 3338 (Incorporated by reference as specified in § 600.011-93 ).
(B)
ASTM D 1298 (incorporated by reference as specified in § 600.011-93) for the gasoline fuel component and also for the methanol fuel component and combining as follows:
Code of Federal Regulations
Code of Federal Regulations
Where:
CWFg=Carbon weight fraction of gasoline portion of blend per ASTM D 3343 (incorporated by reference as specified in § 600.011-93).
MFg=Mass fraction gasoline=(GxSGg)/(GxSGg MxSGm)
MFm=Mass fraction methanol=(MxSGm)/(GxSGg MxSGm)
Where:
G=Volume fraction gasoline
M=Volume fraction methanol
SGg=Specific gravity of gasoline as measured by ASTM D 1298 (Incorporated by reference as specified in § 600.011-93).
SGm=Specific gravity of methanol as measured by ASTM D 1298 (Incorporated by reference as specified in § 600.011-93).
(B)
Upon the approval of the Administrator, other procedures to measure the carbon weight fraction of the fuel blend may be used if the manufacturer can show that the procedures are superior to or equally as accurate as those specified in this paragraph (c)(2)(ii).
(iii)
Net heating value (BTU/lb) per ASTM D 240 (Incorporated by reference as specified in § 600.011-93 ).
(i)
Fuel composition per ASTM D 1945-91, Standard Test Method for Analysis of Natural Gas By Gas Chromatography. This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies may be obtained from the American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. Copies may be inspected at U.S. EPA, OAR, 401 M St., SW., Washington, DC 20460, or at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to: http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html.
(iii)
Carbon weight fraction based on the carbon contained only in the HC constituents of the fuel=weight of carbon in HC constituents divided by the total weight of fuel.
(iv)
Carbon weight fraction of fuel=total weight of carbon in the fuel (i.e., includes carbon contained in HC and in CO2) divided by total weight of fuel.
(d)
Calculate the city fuel economy and highway fuel economy from the grams/mile values for total HC, CO, CO2 and, where applicable, CH3, OH, HCHO, NMHC and CH4 and, the test fuel's specific gravity, carbon weight fraction, net heating value, and additionally for natural gas, the test fuel's composition. The emission values (obtained per paragraph (a) or (b) of this section, as applicable) used in each calculation of this section shall be rounded in accordance with 40 CFR 86.084-26(a)(6)(iii) or CFR 86.1837-01 as applicable. The CO2 values (obtained per paragraph (a) or (b) of this section, as applicable) used in each calculation of this section shall be rounded to the nearest gram/mile. The specific gravity and the carbon weight fraction (obtained per paragraph (c) of this section) shall be recorded using three places to the right of the decimal point. The net heating value (obtained per paragraph (c) of this section) shall be recorded to the nearest whole Btu/lb.
(e)
(1)
For gasoline-fueled automobiles, the fuel economy in miles per gallon is to be calculated using the following equation:
Code of Federal Regulations
Where:
HC=Grams/mile HC as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
CO=Grams/mile CO as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
CO2=Grams/mile CO2 as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
CWF=Carbon weight fraction of test fuel as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
NHV=Net heating value by mass of test fuel as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
SG=Specific gravity of test fuel as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
(f)
(1)
For diesel-fueled automobiles, calculate the fuel economy in miles per gallon of diesel fuel by dividing 2778 by the sum of three terms:
(g)
For methanol-fueled automobiles and automobiles designed to operate on mixtures of gasoline and methanol, the fuel economy in miles per gallon is to be calculated using the following equation:
Code of Federal Regulations
Where:
CWF=Carbon weight fraction of the fuel as determined in paragraph (c)(2)(ii) of this section.
SG=Specific gravity of the fuel as determined in paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section.
CWFexHC=Carbon weight fraction of exhaust hydrocarbons= CWFg as determined in (c)(2)(ii) of this section (for M100 fuel, CWFexHC=0.866).
HC=Grams/mile HC as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
CO=Grams/mile CO as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
CO2=Grams/mile CO2 as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
CH3 OH=Grams/mile CH3 OH (methanol) as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
HCHO=Grams/mile HCHO (formaldehyde) as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
(h)
For automobiles fueled with natural gas, the fuel economy in miles per gallon of natural gas is to be calculated using the following equation:
Where:
mpge=miles per equivalent gallon of natural gas.
CWFHC/NG=carbon weight fraction based on the hydrocarbon constituents in the natural gas fuel as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
DNG=density of the natural gas fuel [grams/ft3 at 68 °F (20 °C) and 760 mm Hg (101.3 kPa)] pressure as obtained in paragraph (d) of this section.
CH4, NMHC, CO, and CO2=weighted mass exhaust emissions [grams/mile] for methane, non-methane HC, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide as calculated in § 600.113.
CWFNMHC=carbon weight fraction of the non-methane HC constituents in the fuel as determined from the speciated fuel composition per paragraph (c)(2) of this section.
CO2NG=grams of carbon dioxide in the natural gas fuel consumed per mile of travel.
CO2NG=FCNG DNG WFCO2
where:
where:
CWFNG=the carbon weight fraction of the natural gas fuel as calculated in paragraph (d) of this section.
WFCO2=weight fraction carbon dioxide of the natural gas fuel calculated using the mole fractions and molecular weights of the natural gas fuel constituents per ASTM D 1945.