121.419—Pilots and flight engineers: Initial, transition, and upgrade ground training.
(a)
Initial, transition, and upgrade ground training for pilots and flight engineers must include instruction in at least the following as applicable to their assigned duties:
(ii)
Principles and methods for determining weight and balance, and runway limitations for takeoff and landing;
(iii)
Enough meteorology to insure a practical knowledge of weather phenomena, including the principles of frontal systems, icing, fog, thunderstorms, and high altitude weather situations;
(v)
Major airplane systems (i.e., flight controls, electrical, hydraulic); other systems as appropriate; principles of normal, abnormal, and emergency operations; appropriate procedures and limitations;
(B)
Escaping from severe weather situations, in case of inadvertent encounters, including low-altitude windshear, and
(C)
Operating in or near thunderstorms (including best penetrating altitudes), turbulent air (including clear air turbulence), icing, hail, and other potentially hazardous meteorological conditions;
(b)
Initial ground training for pilots and flight engineers must consist of at least the following programmed hours of instruction in the required subjects specified in paragraph (a) of this section and in § 121.415(a) unless reduced under § 121.405 :